Nucleic Acid Molecules and Other Molecules Associated with Plants

ABSTRACT

Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) isolated from maize are disclosed. The ESTs provide a unique molecular tool for the targeting and isolation of novel genes for plant protection and improvement. The disclosed ESTs have utility in the development of new strategies for understanding critical plant developmental and metabolic pathways. The disclosed ESTs have particular utility in isolating genes and promoters, identifying and mapping the genes involved in developmental and metabolic pathways, and determining gene function. Sequence homology analyses using the ESTs provided in the present invention, will result in more efficient gene screening for desirable agronomic traits. An expanding database of these select pieces of the plant genomics puzzle will quickly expand the knowledge necessary for subsequent functional validation, a key limitation in current plant biotechnology efforts.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.11/353,150 filed Feb. 14, 2006 (pending), which is a continuation ofU.S. application Ser. No. 09/565,306 filed May 4, 2000 (abandoned),which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/132,860filed May 7, 1999 (expired) and U.S. Provisional Application No.60/101,508 filed Sep. 22, 1998 (expired), all of which applications areherein incorporated by reference in their entireties.

INCORPORATION OF SEQUENCE LISTING

This application contains an electronic equivalent paper copy of thesequence listing submitted herewith electronically via EFS web and acomputer-readable form of the sequence listing submitted herewithelectronically via EFS web and contains the file named“P30114US04_seqlist.txt”, which is 49,918,550 bytes in size (measured inMS-DOS) and which was also created on Jun. 11, 2009.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is in the field of plant biochemistry. Morespecifically the invention relates to nucleic acid molecules that encodeproteins and fragments of proteins produced in plant cells, inparticular, maize plants. The invention also relates to proteins andfragments of proteins so encoded and antibodies capable of binding theproteins. The invention also relates to methods of using the nucleicacid molecules, proteins and fragments of proteins.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION I. Expressed Sequence Tag Nucleic AcidMolecules

Expressed sequence tags, or ESTs, are short sequences of randomlyselected clones from a cDNA (or complementary DNA) library which arerepresentative of the cDNA inserts of these randomly selected clones.McCombie et al., Nature Genetics, 1:124-130 (1992); Kurata et al.,Nature Genetics, 8:365-372 (1994); Okubo et al., Nature Genetics,2:173-179 (1992), all of which references are incorporated herein intheir entirety.

Using conventional methodologies, cDNA libraries can be constructed fromthe mRNA (messenger RNA) of a given tissue or organism using poly dTprimers and reverse transcriptase (Efstratiadis et al., Cell 7:279-288(1976), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference;Higuchi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 73:3146-3150 (1976), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference; Maniatis et al.,Cell 8:163 (1976) the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference; Land et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 9:2251-2266 (1981), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference; Okayama et al.,Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:161-170 (1982), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference; Gubler et al., Gene 25:263 (1983), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference).

Several methods may be employed to obtain full-length cDNA constructs.For example, terminal transferase can be used to add homopolymeric tailsof dC residues to the free 3′ hydroxyl groups (Land et al., NucleicAcids Res. 9:2251-2266 (1981), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference). This tail can then be hybridized by a polydG oligo which can act as a primer for the synthesis of full lengthsecond strand cDNA. Okayama and Berg, report a method for obtaining fulllength cDNA constructs. This method has been simplified by usingsynthetic primer-adapters that have both homopolymeric tails for primingthe synthesis of the first and second strands and restriction sites forcloning into plasmids (Coleclough et al., Gene 34:305-314 (1985), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference) and bacteriophagevectors (Krawinkel et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 14:1913 (1986), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference; and Han et al.,Nucleic Acids Res. 15:6304 (1987), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference).

These strategies have been coupled with additional strategies forisolating rare mRNA populations. For example, a typical mammalian cellcontains between 10,000 and 30,000 different mRNA sequences. Davidson,Gene Activity in Early Development, 2nd ed., Academic Press, New York(1976). The number of clones required to achieve a given probabilitythat a low-abundance mRNA will be present in a cDNA library isN=(ln(1−P))/(ln(1−1/n)) where N is the number of clones required, P isthe probability desired, and 1/n is the fractional proportion of thetotal mRNA that is represented by a single rare mRNA. (Sambrook et al.,Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Press (1989), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference.).

A method to enrich preparations of mRNA for sequences of interest is tofractionate by size. One such method is to fractionate byelectrophoresis through an agarose gel (Pennica et al., Nature301:214-221 (1983), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference). Another such method employs sucrose gradient centrifugationin the presence of an agent, such as methylmercuric hydroxide, thatdenatures secondary structure in RNA (Schweinfest et al., Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 79:4997-5000 (1982), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference).

A frequently adopted method is to construct equalized or normalized cDNAlibraries (Ko Nucleic Acids Res. 18:5705-5711 (1990), the entirety ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference; Patanjali, S. R. et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 88:1943-1947 (1991), the entirety ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference). Typically, the cDNApopulation is normalized by subtractive hybridization. Schmid et al, J.Neurochem. 48:307-312 (1987) the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference; Fargnoli et al., Anal. Biochem. 187:364-373(1990) the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference; Traviset al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 85:1696-1700 (1988) the entiretyof which is herein incorporated by reference; Kato Eur. J. Neurosci.2:704 (1990); and Schweinfest et al., Genet. Anal. Tech. Appl. 7:64(1990), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference).Subtraction represents another method for reducing the population ofcertain sequences in the cDNA library. Swaroop et al., Nucleic AcidsRes. 19:1954 (1991), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference).

ESTs can be sequenced by a number of methods. Two basic methods may beused for DNA sequencing, the chain termination method of Sanger et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 74:5463-5467 (1977), the entirety ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference and the chemical degradationmethod of Maxam and Gilbert, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 74:560-564(1977), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference.Automation and advances in technology such as the replacement ofradioisotopes with fluorescence-based sequencing have reduced the effortrequired to sequence DNA (Craxton, Methods, 2:20-26 (1991), the entiretyof which is herein incorporated by reference; Ju et al., Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 92:4347-4351 (1995), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference; Tabor and Richardson, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.(U.S.A.) 92:6339-6343 (1995), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference). Automated sequencers are available from, forexample, Pharmacia Biotech, Inc., Piscataway, N.J. (Pharmacia ALF),LI-COR, Inc., Lincoln, Nebr. (LI-COR 4,000) and Millipore, Bedford,Mass. (Millipore BaseStation).

In addition, advances in capillary gel electrophoresis have also reducedthe effort required to sequence DNA and such advances provide a rapidhigh resolution approach for sequencing DNA samples (Swerdlow andGesteland, Nucleic Acids Res. 18:1415-1419 (1990); Smith, Nature349:812-813 (1991); Luckey et al., Methods Enzymol. 218:154-172 (1993);Lu et al., J. Chromatog. A. 680:497-501 (1994); Carson et al., Anal.Chem. 65:3219-3226 (1993); Huang et al., Anal. Chem. 64:2149-2154(1992); Kheterpal et al., Electrophoresis 17:1852-1859 (1996); Quesadaand Zhang, Electrophoresis 17:1841-1851 (1996); Baba, Yakugaku Zasshi117:265-281 (1997), all of which are herein incorporated by reference intheir entirety).

ESTs longer than 150 bases have been found to be useful for similaritysearches and mapping. (Adams et al., Science 252:1651-1656 (1991),herein incorporated by reference.) EST sequences normally range from150-450 bases. This is the length of sequence information that isroutinely and reliably generated using single run sequence data.Typically, only single run sequence data is obtained from the cDNAlibrary, Adams et al., Science 252:1651-1656 (1991). Automated singlerun sequencing typically results in an approximately 2-3% error or baseambiguity rate. (Boguski et al., Nature Genetics, 4:332-333 (1993), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference).

EST databases have been constructed or partially constructed from, forexample, C. elegans (McCombrie et al., Nature Genetics 1: 124-131(1992), human liver cell line HepG2 (Okubo et al., Nature Genetics2:173-179 (1992)), human brain RNA (Adams et al., Science 252:1651-1656(1991); Adamns et al., Nature 355:632-635 (1992)), Arabidopsis, (Newmanet al., Plant Physiol. 106:1241-1255 (1994)); and rice (Kurata et al.,Nature Genetics 8:365-372 (1994).

II. Sequence Comparisons

A characteristic feature of a protein or DNA sequence is that it can becompared with other known protein or DNA sequences. Sequence comparisonscan be undertaken by determining the similarity of the test or querysequence with sequences in publicly available or propriety databases(“similarity analysis”) or by searching for certain motifs (“intrinsicsequence analysis”)(e.g., cis elements)(Coulson, Trends inBiotechnology, 12:76-80 (1994), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference; Birren et al., Genome Analysis, 1:543-559(1997), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference).

Similarity analysis includes database search and alignment. Examples ofpublic databases include the DNA Database of Japan (DDBJ)(on theWorldwide web at ddbj.nig.ac.jp/); Genebank (on the Worldwide web atncbi.nlm.nih.gov/web/Genbank/Index.htlm); and the European MolecularBiology Laboratory Nucleic Acid Sequence Database (EMBL) (on theWorldwide web at ebi.ac.uk/ebi_docs/embl_db.html). A number of differentsearch algorithms have been developed, one example of which are thesuite of programs referred to as BLAST programs. There are fiveimplementations of BLAST, three designed for nucleotide sequencesqueries (BLASTN, BLASTX, and TBLASTX) and two designed for proteinsequence queries (BLASTP and TBLASTN) (Coulson, Trends in Biotechnology,12:76-80 (1994); Birren et al., Genome Analysis, 1:543-559 (1997)).

BLASTN takes a nucleotide sequence (the query sequence) and its reversecomplement and searches them against a nucleotide sequence database.BLASTN was designed for speed, not maximum sensitivity, and may not finddistantly related coding sequences. BLASTX takes a nucleotide sequence,translates it in three forward reading frames and three reversecomplement reading frames, and then compares the six translationsagainst a protein sequence database. BLASTX is useful for sensitiveanalysis of preliminary (single-pass) sequence data and is tolerant ofsequencing errors (Gish and States, Nature Genetics, 3:266-272 (1993),the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference). BLASTN andBLASTX may be used in concert for analyzing EST data (Coulson, Trends inBiotechnology, 12:76-80 (1994); Birren et al., Genome Analysis,1:543-559 (1997).

Given a coding nucleotide sequence and the protein it encodes, it isoften preferable to use the protein as the query sequence to search adatabase because of the greatly increased sensitivity to detect moresubtle relationships. This is due to the larger alphabet of proteins (20amino acids) compared with the alphabet of nucleic acid sequences (4bases), where it is far easier to obtain a match by chance. In addition,with nucleotide alignments, only a match (positive score) or a mismatch(negative score) is obtained, but with proteins, the presence ofconservative amino acid substitutions can be taken into account. Here, amismatch may yield a positive score if the non-identical residue hasphysical/chemical properties similar to the one it replaced. Variousscoring matrices are used to supply the substitution scores of allpossible amino acid pairs. A general purpose scoring system is theBLOSUM62 matrix (Henikoff and Henikoff, Proteins, 17:49-61 (1993), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference), which iscurrently the default choice for BLAST programs. BLOSUM62 is tailoredfor alignments of moderately diverged sequences and thus may not yieldthe best results under all conditions. Altschul, J. Mol. Biol.36:290-300 (1993), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference, uses a combination of three matrices to cover allcontingencies. This may improve sensitivity, but at the expense ofslower searches. In practice, a single BLOSUM62 matrix is often used butothers (PAM40 and PAM250) may be attempted when additional analysis isnecessary. Low PAM matrices are directed at detecting very strong butlocalized sequence similarities, whereas high PAM matrices are directedat detecting long but weak alignments between very distantly relatedsequences.

Homologues in other organisms are available that can be used forcomparative sequence analysis. Multiple alignments are performed tostudy similarities and differences in a group of related sequences.CLUSTAL W is a multiple sequence alignment package available thatperforms progressive multiple sequence alignments based on the method ofFeng and Doolittle, J. Mol. Evol. 25:351-360 (1987), the entirety ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference. Each pair of sequences isaligned and the distance between each pair is calculated; from thisdistance matrix, a guide tree is calculated, and all of the sequencesare progressively aligned based on this tree. A feature of the programis its sensitivity to the effect of gaps on the alignment; gap penaltiesare varied to encourage the insertion of gaps in probable loop regionsinstead of in the middle of structured regions. Users can specify gappenalties, choose between a number of scoring matrices, or supply theirown scoring matrix for both the pairwise alignments and the multiplealignments. CLUSTAL W for UNIX and VMS systems is available at:ftp.ebi.ac.uk. Another program is MACAW (Schuler et al., Proteins,Struct. Func. Genet, 9: 180-190 (1991), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference, for which both Macintosh and MicrosoftWindows versions are available. MACAW uses a graphical interface,provides a choice of several alignment algorithms, and is available byanonymous ftp at: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (directory/pub/macaw).

Sequence motifs are derived from multiple alignments and can be used toexamine individual sequences or an entire database for subtle patterns.With motifs, it is sometimes possible to detect distant relationshipsthat may not be demonstrable based on comparisons of primary sequencesalone. Currently, the largest collection of sequence motifs in the worldis PROSITE (Bairoch and Bucher, Nucleic Acid Research, 22:3583-3589(1994), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference.)PROSITE may be accessed via either the ExPASy server on the World WideWeb or anonymous ftp site. Many commercial sequence analysis packagesalso provide search programs that use PROSITE data.

A resource for searching protein motifs is the BLOCKS E-mail serverdeveloped by S. Henikoff, Trends Biochem Sci., 18:267-268 (1993), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference; Henikoff andHenikoff, Nucleic Acid Research, 19:6565-6572 (1991), the entirety ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference; Henikoff and Henikoff,Proteins, 17:49-61 (1993). BLOCKS searches a protein or nucleotidesequence against a database of protein motifs or “blocks.” Blocks aredefined as short, ungapped multiple alignments that represent highlyconserved protein patterns. The blocks themselves are derived fromentries in PROSITE as well as other sources. Either a protein ornucleotide query can be submitted to the BLOCKS server; if a nucleotidesequence is submitted, the sequence is translated in all six readingframes and motifs are sought in these conceptual translations. Once thesearch is completed, the server will return a ranked list of significantmatches, along with an alignment of the query sequence to the matchedBLOCKS entries.

Conserved protein domains can be represented by two-dimensionalmatrices, which measure either the frequency or probability of theoccurrences of each amino acid residue and deletions or insertions ineach position of the domain. This type of model, when used to searchagainst protein databases, is sensitive and usually yields more accurateresults than simple motif searches. Two popular implementations of thisapproach are profile searches (such as GCG program ProfileSearch) andHidden Markov Models (HMMs)(Krough et al., J. Mol. Biol. 235:1501-1531(1994); Eddy, Current Opinion in Structural Biology 6:361-365 (1996),both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety).In both cases, a large number of common protein domains have beenconverted into profiles, as present in the PROSITE library, or HHMmodels, as in the Pfam protein domain library (Sonnhammer et al.,Proteins 28:405-420 (1997), the entirety of which is herein incorporatedby reference). Pfam contains more than 500 HMM models for enzymes,transcription factors, signal transduction molecules, and structuralproteins. Protein databases can be queried with these profiles or HMMmodels, which will identify proteins containing the domain of interest.For example, HMMSW or HMMFS, two programs in a public domain packagecalled HMMER (Sonnhammer et al., Proteins 28:405-420 (1997)) can beused.

PROSITE and BLOCKS represent collected families of protein motifs. Thus,searching these databases entails submitting a single sequence todetermine whether or not that sequence is similar to the members of anestablished family. Programs working in the opposite direction compare acollection of sequences with individual entries in the proteindatabases. An example of such a program is the Motif Search Tool, orMoST (Tatusov et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91:12091-12095 (1994), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference.) On the basis ofan aligned set of input sequences, a weight matrix is calculated byusing one of four methods (selected by the user); a weight matrix issimply a representation, position by position in an alignment, of howlikely a particular amino acid will appear. The calculated weight matrixis then used to search the databases. To increase sensitivity, newlyfound sequences are added to the original data set, the weight matrix isrecalculated, and the search is performed again. This procedurecontinues until no new sequences are found.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a substantially purified nucleic acidmolecule that encodes a maize protein or fragment thereof comprising anucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1through SEQ ID NO: 83523.

The present invention also provides one or more substantially purifiednucleic acid molecules comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected fromthe group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:83523 orcomplements thereof.

The present invention also provides a substantially purified maizeprotein or fragment thereof, wherein said maize protein is encoded by anucleic acid molecule that comprises a nucleic acid sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 83523.

The present invention further provides a substantially purified protein,peptide, or fragment thereof encoded by a nucleic acid sequence whichspecifically hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleicacid sequence selected from the group consisting of a complement of SEQID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:83523.

The present invention further provides a substantially purified antibodycapable of specifically binding to a protein or fragment thereof encodedby a nucleic acid sequence which specifically hybridizes to a nucleicacid molecule having a nucleic acid sequence selected from the groupconsisting of a complement of SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:83523.

The present invention also provides a transformed plant transformed tocontain a nucleic acid molecule which comprises: (A) an exogenouspromoter region which functions in plant cells to cause the productionof an mRNA molecule; which is linked to (B) a structural nucleic acidmolecule, wherein said structural nucleic acid molecule comprises anucleic acid molecule that encodes a protein, peptide, or fragmentthereof which hybridizes to a nucleic acid sequence selected from thegroup consisting of a complement of SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO:83523expressed in an effective amount to produce a desirable agronomiceffect; which is linked to (C) a 3′ non-translated sequence thatfunctions in plant cells to cause the termination of transcription andthe addition of polyadenylated ribonucleotides to the 3′ end of the mRNAsequence.

The present invention also provides a transformed plant cell containinga nucleic acid molecule whose non-transcribed strand encodes a proteinor fragment thereof, wherein the transcribed strand of said nucleic acidis complementary to a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a protein orfragment thereof. The present invention also provides bacterial, viral,microbial, and plant cells comprising a nucleic acid molecule of thepresent invention

The present invention also provides a method of producing a plantcontaining one or more proteins encoded by sequences comprising SEQ IDNO: 1 or complement thereof through SEQ ID NO:83523 or complementsthereof, expressed in a sufficient amount and/or fashion to produce adesirable agronomic effect.

In accomplishing the foregoing, there is provided, in accordance withone aspect of the present invention, methods of producing geneticallytransformed plants, comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) inserting into the genome of a plant cell a recombinant,        double-stranded DNA molecule comprising        -   (i) a promoter which functions in plant cells to cause the            production of an RNA sequence,        -   (ii) a structural DNA sequence that causes the production of            an RNA sequence which encodes a desired protein.        -   (iii) a 3′ non-translated DNA sequence which functions in            plant cells to cause the addition of polyadenylated            nucleotides to the 3′ end of RNA sequence; where the            promoter is homologous or heterologous with respect to the            coding sequence and adapted to cause sufficient expression            of a protein in desired plant tissues to enhance the            agronomic utility of a plant transformed with said gene.    -   (b) obtaining a transformed plant cell with said nucleic acid        molecule that encodes one or more proteins, wherein said nucleic        acid molecule is transcribed and results in expression of said        protein(s); and    -   (c) regenerating from the transformed plant cell a genetically        transformed plant

The present invention also encompasses differentiated plants, seeds, andprogeny comprising said transformed plant cells and which exhibit novelproperties of agronomic significance.

The present invention also provides a method of producing a plantcontaining reduced levels of a protein comprising: (A) transforming aplant cell with a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a protein, whereinsaid nucleic acid molecule is transcribed and results in co-suppressionof endogenous protein synthesis activity, and (B) regenerating plantsand producing subsequent progeny from the transformed plant.

The present invention also provides a method of determining anassociation between a polymorphism and a plant trait comprising: (A)hybridizing a nucleic acid molecule specific for a polymorphism togenetic material of a plant, wherein said nucleic acid moleculecomprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:83523 or complements thereof; and (B)calculating the degree of association between the polymorphism and theplant trait.

The present invention also provides a method of isolating a geneticregion, or nucleic acid that encodes a protein or fragment thereofcomprising: (A) incubating under conditions permitting nucleic acidhybridization: a marker nucleic acid molecule, preferably an EST, with acomplementary nucleic acid molecule obtained from a plant cell or planttissue; (B) permitting hybridization between said marker nucleic acidmolecule, preferably an EST, and said complementary nucleic acidmolecule obtained from said plant cell or plant tissue; and (C)isolating said complementary nucleic acid molecule.

The present invention also provides a method for determining a level orpattern in a plant cell of a protein in a plant comprising: (A)incubating, under conditions permitting nucleic acid hybridization, amarker nucleic acid molecule, the marker nucleic acid molecule selectedfrom the group of marker nucleic acid molecules which specificallyhybridize to a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleic acid sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:83523 or complements thereof or fragments of either, with acomplementary nucleic acid molecule obtained from the plant cell orplant tissue, wherein nucleic acid hybridization between the markernucleic acid molecule and the complementary nucleic acid moleculeobtained from the plant cell or plant tissue permits the detection of anmRNA for the enzyme; (B) permitting hybridization between the markernucleic acid molecule and the complementary nucleic acid moleculeobtained from the plant cell or plant tissue; and (C) detecting thelevel or pattern of the complementary nucleic acid, wherein thedetection of the complementary nucleic acid is predictive of the levelor pattern of the protein.

The present invention also provides a method for determining the levelor pattern of a protein in a plant cell or plant tissue comprising: (A)incubating under conditions permitting nucleic acid hybridization: amarker nucleic acid molecule, the marker nucleic acid moleculecomprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:83523 or complements thereof, with acomplementary nucleic acid molecule obtained from a plant cell or planttissue, wherein nucleic acid hybridization between the marker nucleicacid molecule, and the complementary nucleic acid molecule obtained fromthe plant cell or plant tissue permits the detection of said protein;(B) permitting hybridization between the marker nucleic acid moleculeand the complementary nucleic acid molecule obtained from the plant cellor plant tissue; and (C) detecting the level or pattern of thecomplementary nucleic acid, wherein the detection of said complementarynucleic acid is predictive of the level or pattern of the proteinsynthesis.

The present invention also provides a method for determining a level orpattern of a protein in a plant cell or plant tissue which comprisesassaying the concentration of a molecule, whose concentration isdependent upon the expression of a gene, the gene having a nucleic acidsequence which specifically hybridizes to a protein marker nucleic acidmolecule, the molecule being present in a plant cell or plant tissue, incomparison to the concentration of that molecule present in a plant cellor plant tissue with a known level or pattern of said protein, whereinan assayed concentration of the molecule is compared to the assayedconcentration of the molecule in a plant cell or plant tissue with aknown level or pattern of said protein.

The present invention also provides a method of determining a mutationin a plant whose presence is predictive of a mutation affecting a levelor pattern of a protein comprising the steps: (A) incubating, underconditions permitting nucleic acid hybridization, a marker nucleic acid,the marker nucleic acid selected from the group of marker nucleic acidmolecules which specifically hybridize to a nucleic acid moleculeconsisting of the nucleic acid sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 83523 or complementsthereof or fragments of either and a complementary nucleic acid moleculeobtained from the plant, wherein nucleic acid hybridization between themarker nucleic acid molecule and the complementary nucleic acid moleculeobtained from the plant permits the detection of a polymorphism whosepresence is predictive of a mutation affecting the level or pattern ofthe protein in the plant; (B) permitting hybridization between themarker nucleic acid molecule and the complementary nucleic acid moleculeobtained from the plant; and (C) detecting the presence of thepolymorphism, wherein the detection of the polymorphism is predictive ofthe mutation.

The present invention also provides a method for determining a mutationin a plant whose presence is predictive of a mutation affecting thelevel or pattern of protein synthesis comprising the steps: (A)incubating under conditions permitting nucleic acid hybridization: amarker nucleic acid molecule, the marker nucleic acid moleculecomprising a nucleic acid molecule that is linked to gene, the genehaving a nucleic acid sequence which specifically hybridizes to asequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQID NO:83523 and complements thereof, and a complementary nucleic acidmolecule obtained from a plant tissue or plant cell of the plant,wherein nucleic acid hybridization between the marker nucleic acidmolecule and the complementary nucleic acid molecule obtained from theplant permits the detection of a polymorphism whose presence ispredictive of a mutation affecting said level or pattern of a proteinsynthesis in the plant; (B) permitting hybridization between said markernucleic acid molecule and said complementary nucleic acid moleculeobtained from said plant; and; (C) detecting the presence of thepolymorphism, wherein the detection of the polymorphism is predictive ofthe mutation.

The present invention also provides a method for reducing expression ofa protein in a plant cell, the method comprising: growing a transformedplant cell containing a nucleic acid molecule whose non-transcribedstrand encodes a protein or fragment thereof, wherein the transcribedstrand of said nucleic acid is complementary to a nucleic acid moleculethat encodes the protein in said plant cell, and whereby the strand thatis complementary to the nucleic acid molecule that encodes the proteinreduces or depresses expression of the protein.

The present invention provides maize nucleic acid molecules for use asmolecular tags to isolate genetic regions (i.e. promoters and flankingsequences), isolate genes, map genes, and determine gene function. Thepresent invention further provides maize nucleic acid molecules for usein determining if genes are members of a particular gene family.

The present invention also provides a method of obtaining full lengthgenes using maize ESTs or complements thereof or fragments of either.

The present invention also provides a method of isolating promoters andflanking sequences using maize ESTs or complements thereof or fragmentsof either.

The present invention also provides maize ESTs or complements thereof orfragments of either for use in marker-assisted breeding programs.

The present invention also provides a method of identifying tissuescomprising hybridizing nucleic acids from the tissue with maize ESTs orcomplements thereof or fragments of either.

The present invention also provides a method for production ofantibodies targeted against the proteins, peptides, or fragmentsproduced by the disclosed or complements thereof or fragments of either.

The present invention also provides a method for the transformation andregeneration of plants comprising sequences hybridizable to thedisclosed ESTs or complements thereof or fragments of either.

The present invention also provides a method of modifying plant proteinexpression by inserting in a chimeric gene sense or antisense constructsof the maize ESTs.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Agents

(a) Nucleic Acid Molecules

Agents of the present invention include nucleic acid molecules and morespecifically EST nucleic acid molecules or nucleic acid fragmentmolecules thereof. Fragment EST nucleic acid molecules may encodesignificant portion(s) of, or indeed most of, the EST nucleic acidmolecule. Alternatively, the fragments may comprise smalleroligonucleotides (having from about 15 to about 250 nucleotide residues,and more preferably, about 15 to about 30 nucleotide residues).

A subset of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention includesnucleic acid molecules that are marker molecules. Another subset of thenucleic acid molecules of the present invention include nucleic acidmolecules that encode a protein or fragment thereof. Another subset ofthe nucleic acid molecules of the present invention are EST molecules.

The term “substantially purified”, as used herein, refers to a moleculeseparated from substantially all other molecules normally associatedwith it in its native state. More preferably a substantially purifiedmolecule is the predominant species present in a preparation. Asubstantially purified molecule may be greater than 60% free, preferably75% free, more preferably 90% free, and most preferably 95% free fromthe other molecules (exclusive of solvent) present in the naturalmixture. The term “substantially purified” is not intended to encompassmolecules present in their native state.

The agents of the present invention will preferably be “biologicallyactive” with respect to either a structural attribute, such as thecapacity of a nucleic acid to hybridize to another nucleic acidmolecule, or the ability of a protein to be bound by antibody (or tocompete with another molecule for such binding). Alternatively, such anattribute may be catalytic, and thus involve the capacity of the agentto mediate a chemical reaction or response.

The agents of the present invention may also be recombinant. As usedherein, the term recombinant means any agent (e.g. DNA, peptide etc.),that is, or results, however indirect, from human manipulation of anucleic acid molecule.

It is understood that the agents of the present invention may be labeledwith reagents that facilitate detection of the agent (e.g. fluorescentlabels (Prober et al., Science 238:336-340 (1987); Albarella et al., EP144914, chemical labels (Sheldon et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,789;Albarella et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,563,417, modified bases (Miyoshi etal., EP 119448, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference intheir entirety).

It is further understood, that the present invention provides bacterial,viral, microbial, and plant cells comprising the agents of the presentinvention.

Nucleic acid molecules or fragment thereof of the present invention arecapable of specifically hybridizing to other nucleic acid moleculesunder certain circumstances. As used herein, two nucleic acid moleculesare said to be capable of specifically hybridizing to one another if thetwo molecules are capable of forming an anti-parallel, double-strandednucleic acid structure. A nucleic acid molecule is said to be the“complement” of another nucleic acid molecule if they exhibit completecomplementarity. As used herein, molecules are said to exhibit “completecomplementarity” when every nucleotide of one of the molecules iscomplementary to a nucleotide of the other. Two molecules are said to be“minimally complementary” if they can hybridize to one another withsufficient stability to permit them to remain annealed to one anotherunder at least conventional “low-stringency” conditions. Similarly, themolecules are said to be “complementary” if they can hybridize to oneanother with sufficient stability to permit them to remain annealed toone another under conventional “high-stringency” conditions.Conventional stringency conditions are described by Sambrook, et al.,In: Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition, Cold SpringHarbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989), and by Haymes et al., In:Nucleic Acid Hybridization, A Practical Approach, IRL Press, Washington,D.C. (1985), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference.Departures from complete complementarity are therefore permissible, aslong as such departures do not completely preclude the capacity of themolecules to form a double-stranded structure. Thus, in order for annucleic acid molecule or fragment of the present invention to serve as aprimer or probe it need only be sufficiently complementary in sequenceto be able to form a stable double-stranded structure under theparticular solvent and salt concentrations employed.

Appropriate stringency conditions which promote DNA hybridization are,for example, 6.0× sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45° C.,followed by a wash of 2.0×SSC at 50° C., are known to those skilled inthe art or can be found in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, JohnWiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6. For example, the saltconcentration in the wash step can be selected from a low stringency ofabout 2.0×SSC at 50° C. to a high stringency of about 0.2×SSC at 50° C.In addition, the temperature in the wash step can be increased from lowstringency conditions at room temperature, about 22° C., to highstringency conditions at about 65° C. Both temperature and salt may bevaried, or either the temperature or the salt concentration may be heldconstant while the other variable is changed.

In a preferred embodiment, a nucleic acid of the present invention willspecifically hybridize to one or more of the nucleic acid molecules setforth in SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 83523 or complements thereofunder moderately stringent conditions, for example, at about 2.0×SSC andabout 65° C.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, a nucleic acid of the presentinvention will include those nucleic acid molecules that specificallyhybridize to one or more of the nucleic acid molecules set forth in SEQID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO: 83523 or complements thereof under highstringency conditions.

In one aspect of the present invention, the nucleic acid molecules ofthe present invention have one or more of the nucleic acid sequences setforth in SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:83523 or complements thereof. Inanother aspect of the present invention, one or more of the nucleic acidmolecules of the present invention share between 100% and 90% sequenceidentity with one or more of the nucleic acid sequences set forth in SEQID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:83523 or complements thereof. In a furtheraspect of the present invention, one or more of the nucleic acidmolecules of the present invention share between 100% and 95% sequenceidentity with one or more of the nucleic acid sequences set forth in SEQID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:83523 or complements thereof. In a morepreferred aspect of the present invention, one or more of the nucleicacid molecules of the present invention share between 100% and 98%sequence identity with one or more of the nucleic acid sequences setforth in SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:83523 or complements thereof. Inan even more preferred aspect of the present invention, one or more ofthe nucleic acid molecules of the present invention share between 100%and 99% sequence identity with one or more of the sequences set forth inSEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:83523 or complements thereof. In afurther, even more preferred aspect of the present invention, one ormore of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention exhibit 100%sequence identity with one or more nucleic acid molecules present withinthe cDNA libraries LIB 143, LIB 148, LIB189, LIB3059, LIB3060, LIB3062,LIB3066, LIB3067, LIB3068, LIB3069, LIB3075, LIB3076, LIB3078, LIB3079,LIB3088 and LIB3114 (Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Mo., United States ofAmerica).

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a maize protein orfragment thereof of the present invention is a homologue of anotherplant protein. In another preferred embodiment of the present invention,a maize protein or fragment thereof of the present invention is ahomologue of a fungal protein. In another preferred embodiment of thepresent invention, a maize protein or fragment thereof of the presentinvention is a homologue of a mammalian protein. In another preferredembodiment of the present invention, a maize protein or fragment thereofof the present invention is a homologue of an algal protein. In anotherpreferred embodiment of the present invention, a maize protein orfragment thereof of the present invention is a homologue of a bacterialprotein. In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, amaize protein or fragment thereof of the present invention is ahomologue of a soybean protein.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nucleic moleculeof the present invention encodes a maize protein or fragment thereofwhere a maize protein or fragment thereof exhibits a BLAST probabilityscore of greater than 1E-12, preferably a BLAST probability score ofbetween about 1E-30 and about 1E-12, even more preferably a BLASTprobability score of greater than 1E-30 with its homologue.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nucleicacid molecule encoding a maize protein or fragment thereof exhibits a %identity with its homologue of between about 25% and about 40%, morepreferably of between about 40% and about 70%, even more preferably ofbetween about 70% and about 90% and even more preferably between about90% and 99%. In another preferred embodiment, of the present invention,a maize protein or fragment thereof exhibits a % identity with itshomologue of 100%.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nucleic acidmolecule of the present invention encodes a maize protein or fragmentthereof where the maize protein exhibits a BLAST score of greater than120, preferably a BLAST score of between about 1450 and about 120, evenmore preferably a BLAST score of greater than 1450 with its homologue.

Nucleic acid molecules of the present invention also include non-maizehomologues. Preferred non-maize homologues are selected from the groupconsisting of alfalfa, Arabidopsis, barley, Brassica, broccoli, cabbage,citrus, cotton, garlic, oat, oilseed rape, onion, canola, flax, anornamental plant, pea, peanut, pepper, potato, rice, rye, sorghum,soybean strawberry, sugarcane, sugarbeet, tomato, wheat, poplar, pine,fir, eucalyptus, apple, lettuce, lentils, grape, banana, tea, turfgrasses, sunflower, oil palm and Phaseolus.

The degeneracy of the genetic code, which allows different nucleic acidsequences to code for the same protein or peptide, is known in theliterature. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,757,006, the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference).

In an aspect of the present invention, one or more of the nucleic acidmolecules of the present invention differ in nucleic acid sequence fromthose encoding a maize protein or fragment thereof in SEQ ID NO: 1through SEQ ID NO: 83523 due to the degeneracy in the genetic code inthat they encode the same protein but differ in nucleic acid sequence.

In another further aspect of the present invention, one or more of thenucleic acid molecules of the present invention differ in nucleic acidsequence from those encoding a maize protein or fragment thereof in SEQID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 83523 due to fact that the different nucleicacid sequences encode a protein having one or more conservative aminoacid residues. It is understood that codons capable of coding for suchconservative substitutions are known in the art.

It is well known in the art that one or more amino acids in a nativesequence can be substituted with another amino acid(s), the charge andpolarity of which are similar to that of the native amino acid, i.e., aconservative amino acid substitution, resulting in a silent change.Conserved substitutes for an amino acid within the native polypeptidesequence can be selected from other members of the class to which thenaturally occurring amino acid belongs. Amino acids can be divided intothe following four groups: (1) acidic amino acids, (2) basic aminoacids, (3) neutral polar amino acids, and (4) neutral nonpolar aminoacids. Representative amino acids within these various groups include,but are not limited to, (1) acidic (negatively charged) amino acids suchas aspartic acid and glutamic acid; (2) basic (positively charged) aminoacids such as arginine, histidine, and lysine; (3) neutral polar aminoacids such as glycine, serine, threonine, cysteinei, cystine, tyrosine,asparagine, and glutamine; and (4) neutral nonpolar (hydrophobic) aminoacids such as alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline,phenylalanine, tryptophan, and methionine.

Conservative amino acid changes within the native polypeptides sequencecan be made by substituting one amino acid within one of these groupswith another amino acid within the same group. Biologically functionalequivalents of the proteins or fragments thereof of the presentinvention can have 10 or fewer conservative amino acid changes, morepreferably seven or fewer conservative amino acid changes, and mostpreferably five or fewer conservative amino acid changes. The encodingnucleotide sequence will thus have corresponding base substitutions,permitting it to encode biologically functional equivalent forms of theproteins or fragments of the present invention.

It is understood that certain amino acids may be substituted for otheramino acids in a protein structure without appreciable loss ofinteractive binding capacity with structures such as, for example,antigent-binding regions of antibodies or binding sites on substratemolecules. Because it is the interactive capacity and nature of aprotein that defines that protein's biological functional activity,certain amino acid sequence substitutions can be made in a proteinsequence and, of course, its underlying DNA coding sequence and,nevertheless, obtain a protein with like properties. It is thuscontemplated by the inventors that various changes may be made in thepeptide sequences of the proteins or fragments of the present invention,or corresponding DNA sequences that encode said peptides, withoutappreciable loss of their biological utility or activity. It isunderstood that codons capable of coding for such amino acid changes areknown in the art.

In making such changes, the hydropathic index of amino acids may beconsidered. The importance of the hydropathic amino acid index inconferring interactive biological function on a protein is generallyunderstood in the art (Kyte and Doolittle, J. Mol. Biol. 157:105-132(1982), herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). It isaccepted that the relative hydropathic character of the amino acidcontributes to the secondary structure of the resultant protein, whichin turn defines the interaction of the protein with other molecules, forexample, enzymes, substrates, receptors, DNA, antibodies, antigens, andthe like.

Each amino acid has been assigned a hydropathic index on the basis ofits hydrophobicity and charge characteristics (Kyte and Doolittle,1982); these are isoleucine (+4.5), valine (+4.2), leucine (+3.8),phenylalanine (+2.8), cysteine/cystine (+2.5), methionine (+1.9),alanine (+1.8), glycine (−0.4), threonine (−0.7), serine (−0.8),tryptophan (−0.9), tyrosine (−1.3), proline (−1.6), histidine (−3.2),glutamate (−3.5), glutamine (−3.5), aspartate (−3.5), asparagine (−3.5),lysine (−3.9), and arginine (−4.5).

In making such changes, the substitution of amino acids whosehydropathic indices are within ±2 is preferred, those which are within±1 are particularly preferred, and those within ±0.5 are even moreparticularly preferred.

It is also understood in the art that the substitution of like aminoacids can be made effectively on the basis of hydrophilicity. U.S. Pat.No. 4,554,101, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, statesthat the greatest local average hydrophilicity of a protein, as governby the hydrophilicity of its adjacent amino acids, correlates with abiological property of the protein.

As detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101, the following hydrophilicityvalues have been assigned to amino acid residues: arginine (+3.0),lysine (+3.0), aspartate (+3.0±1), glutamate (+3.0±1), serine (+0.3),asparagine (+0.2), glutamine (+0.2), glycine (0), threonine (−0.4),proline (−0.5±1), alanine (−0.5), histidine (−0.5), cysteine (−1.0),methionine (−1.3), valine (−1.5), leucine (−1.8), isoleucine (−1.8),tyrosine (−2.3), phenylalanine (−2.5), and tryptophan (−3.4).

In making such changes, the substitution of amino acids whosehydrophilicity values are within ±2 is preferred, those which are within±1 are particularly preferred, and those within ±0.5 are even moreparticularly preferred. In a further aspect of the present invention,one or more of the nucleic acid molecules of the present inventiondiffer in nucleic acid sequence from those encoding a maize protein orfragment thereof set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 83523 orfragment thereof due to the fact that one or more codons encoding anamino acid has been substituted for a codon that encodes a nonessentialsubstitution of the amino acid originally encoded.

One aspect of the present invention concerns markers that includenucleic acid molecules SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 83523 orcomplements thereof or fragments of either that can act as markers orother nucleic acid molecules of the present invention that can act asmarkers. Genetic markers of the present invention include “dominant” or“codominant” markers “Codominant markers” reveal the presence of two ormore alleles (two per diploid individual) at a locus. “Dominant markers”reveal the presence of only a single allele per locus. The presence ofthe dominant marker phenotype (e.g., a band of DNA) is an indicationthat one allele is present in either the homozygous or heterozygouscondition. The absence of the dominant marker phenotype (e.g., absenceof a DNA band) is merely evidence that “some other” undefined allele ispresent. In the case of populations where individuals are predominantlyhomozygous and loci are predominately dimorphic, dominant and codominantmarkers can be equally valuable. As populations become more heterozygousand multi-allelic, codominant markers often become more informative ofthe genotype than dominant markers. Marker molecules can be, forexample, capable of detecting polymorphisms such as single nucleotidepolymorphisms (SNPs).

SNPs are single base changes in genomic DNA sequence. They occur atgreater frequency and are spaced with a greater uniformity throughout agenome than other reported forms of polymorphism. The greater frequencyand uniformity of SNPs means that there is greater probability that sucha polymorphism will be found near or in a genetic locus of interest thanwould be the case for other polymorphisms. SNPs are located inprotein-coding regions and noncoding regions of a genome. Some of theseSNPs may result in defective or variant protein expression (e.g., as aresults of mutations or defective splicing). Analysis (genotyping) ofcharacterized SNPs can require only a plus/minus assay rather than alengthy measurement, permitting easier automation.

SNPs can be characterized using any of a variety of methods. Suchmethods include the direct or indirect sequencing of the site, the useof restriction enzymes (Botstein et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 32:314-331(1980), the entirety of which is herein incorporated reference;Konieczny and Ausubel, Plant J. 4:403-410 (1993), the entirety of whichis herein incorporated by reference), enzymatic and chemical mismatchassays (Myers et al., Nature 313:495-498 (1985), the entirety of whichis herein incorporated by reference), allele-specific PCR (Newton etal., Nucl. Acids Res. 17:2503-2516 (1989), the entirety of which isherein incorporated by reference; Wu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.(U.S.A.) 86:2757-2760 (1989), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference), ligase chain reaction (Barany, Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 88:189-193 (1991), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference), single-strand conformation polymorphismanalysis (Labrune et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 48: 1115-1120 (1991), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference), primer-directednucleotide incorporation assays (Kuppuswami et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 88:1143-1147 (1991), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference), dideoxy fingerprinting (Sarkar et al.,Genomics 13:441-443 (1992), the entirety of which is herein incorporatedby reference), solid-phase ELISA-based oligonucleotide ligation assays(Nikiforov et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 22:4167-4175 (1994), the entirety ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference), oligonucleotidefluorescence-quenching assays (Livak et al., PCR Methods Appl. 4:357-362(1995), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference),5′-nuclease allele-specific hybridization TaqMan assay (Livak et al.,Nature Genet. 9:341-342 (1995), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference), template-directed dye-terminatorincorporation (TDI) assay (Chen and Kwok, Nucl. Acids Res. 25:347-353(1997), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference),allele-specific molecular beacon assay (Tyagi et al., Nature Biotech.16: 49-53 (1998), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference), PinPoint assay (Haff and Smirnov, Genome Res. 7:378-388(1997), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference) anddCAPS analysis (Neff et al., Plant J 14:387-392 (1998), the entirety ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference).

Additional markers, such as AFLP markers, RFLP markers and RAPD markers,can be utilized (Walton, Seed World 22-29 (July, 1993), the entirety ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference; Burow and Blake, MolecularDissection of Complex Traits, 13-29, Paterson (ed.), CRC Press, New York(1988), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference). DNAmarkers can be developed from nucleic acid molecules using restrictionendonucleases, the PCR and/or DNA sequence information. RFLP markersresult from single base changes or insertions/deletions. Thesecodominant markers are highly abundant in plant genomes, have a mediumlevel of polymorphism and are developed by a combination of restrictionendonuclease digestion and Southern blotting hybridization. CAPS aresimilarly developed from restriction nuclease digestion but only ofspecific PCR products. These markers are also codominant, have a mediumlevel of polymorphism and are highly abundant in the genome. The CAPSresult from single base changes and insertions/deletions.

Another marker type, RAPDs, are developed from DNA amplification withrandom primers and result from single base changes andinsertions/deletions in plant genomes. They are dominant markers with amedium level of polymorphisms and are highly abundant. AFLP markersrequire using the PCR on a subset of restriction fragments from extendedadapter primers. These markers are both dominant and codominant arehighly abundant in genomes and exhibit a medium level of polymorphism.

SSRs require DNA sequence information. These codominant markers resultfrom repeat length changes, are highly polymorphic and do not exhibit ashigh a degree of abundance in the genome as CAPS, AFLPs and RAPDs, SNPsalso require DNA sequence information. These codominant markers resultfrom single base substitutions. They are highly abundant and exhibit amedium of polymorphism (Rafalski et al., In: Nonmammalian GenomicAnalysis, Birren and Lai (ed.), Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., pp.75-134 (1996), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference). It is understood that a nucleic acid molecule of the presentinvention may be used as a marker.

A PCR probe is a nucleic acid molecule capable of initiating apolymerase activity while in a double-stranded structure with anothernucleic acid. Various methods for determining the structure of PCRprobes and PCR techniques exist in the art. Computer generated searchesusing programs such as Primer3 (on the Worldwide web atgenome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer/primer3.cgi), STSPipeline (on theWorldwide web at genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/www-STS_Pipeline), or GeneUp(Pesole et al., BioTechniques 25:112-123 (1998) the entirety of which isherein incorporated by reference), for example, can be used to identifypotential PCR primers.

It is understood that a fragment of one or more of the nucleic acidmolecules of the present invention may be a probe and specifically a PCRprobe.

(b) Protein and Peptide Molecules

A class of agents comprises one or more of the protein or peptidemolecules encoded by SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:83523 or one or moreof the protein or fragment thereof or peptide molecules encoded by othernucleic acid agents of the present invention. As used herein, the term“protein molecule” or “peptide molecule” includes any molecule thatcomprises five or more amino acids. It is well known in the art thatproteins may undergo modification, including post-translationalmodifications, such as, but not limited to, disulfide bond formation,glycosylation, phosphorylation, or oligomerization. Thus, as usedherein, the term “protein molecule” or “peptide molecule” includes anyprotein molecule that is modified by any biological or non-biologicalprocess. The terms “amino acid” and “amino acids” refer to all naturallyoccurring L-amino acids. This definition is meant to include norleucine,ornithine, homocysteine, and homoserine.

One or more of the protein or fragment of peptide molecules may beproduced via chemical synthesis, or more preferably, by expression in asuitable bacterial or eukaryotic host. Suitable methods for expressionare described by Sambrook et al., (In: Molecular Cloning, A LaboratoryManual, 2nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.(1989)), or similar texts.

A “protein fragment” is a peptide or polypeptide molecule whose aminoacid sequence comprises a subset of the amino acid sequence of thatprotein. A protein or fragment thereof that comprises one or moreadditional peptide regions not derived from that protein is a “fusion”protein. Such molecules may be derivatized to contain carbohydrate orother moieties (such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin, etc.). Fusion proteinor peptide molecule of the present invention are preferably produced viarecombinant means.

Another class of agents comprise protein or peptide molecules encoded bySEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:83523 or complements thereof or,fragments or fusions thereof in which non-essential, or not relevant,amino acid residues have been added, replaced, or deleted. An example ofsuch a homologue is the homologue protein of all non-maize plantspecies, including but not limited to alfalfa, Arabidopsis, barley,Brassica, broccoli, cabbage, citrus, cotton, garlic, oat, oilseed rape,onion, canola, flax, an ornamental plant, pea, peanut, pepper, potato,rice, rye, sorghum, soybean, strawberry, sugarcane, sugarbeet, tomato,wheat, poplar, pine, fir, eukalyptus, apple, lettuce, peas, lentils,grape, banana, tea, turf grasses, etc. Particularly preferred non-maizeplants to utilize for the isolation of homologues would include alfalfa,Arabidopsis, barley, cotton, oat, oilseed rape, rice, canola,ornamentals, soybean, sugarcane, sugarbeet, tomato, potato, wheat, andturf grasses. Such a homologue can be obtained by any of a variety ofmethods. Most preferably, as indicated above, one or more of thedisclosed sequences (SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:83523 or complementsthereof) will be used to define a pair of primers that may be used toisolate the homologue-encoding nucleic acid molecules from any desiredspecies. Such molecules can be expressed to yield homologues byrecombinant means.

(c) Antibodies

One aspect of the present invention concerns antibodies, single-chainantigen binding molecules, or other proteins that specifically bind toone or more of the protein or peptide molecules of the present inventionand their homologues, fusions or fragments. Such antibodies may be usedto quantitatively or qualitatively detect the protein or peptidemolecules of the present invention. As used herein, an antibody orpeptide is said to “specifically bind” to a protein or peptide moleculeof the present invention if such binding is not competitively inhibitedby the presence of non-related molecules.

Nucleic acid molecules that encode all or part of the protein of thepresent invention can be expressed, via recombinant means, to yieldprotein or peptides that can in turn be used to elicit antibodies thatare capable of binding the expressed protein or peptide. Such antibodiesmay be used in immunoassays for that protein. Such protein-encodingmolecules, or their fragments may be a “fusion” molecule (i.e., a partof a larger nucleic acid molecule) such that, upon expression, a fusionprotein is produced. It is understood that any of the nucleic acidmolecules of the present invention may be expressed, via recombinantmeans, to yield proteins or peptides encoded by these nucleic acidmolecules.

The antibodies that specifically bind proteins and protein fragments ofthe present invention may be polyclonal or monoclonal, and may compriseintact immunoglobulins, or antigen binding portions of immunoglobulins(such as (F(ab′), F(ab′)₂) fragments, or single-chain immunoglobulinsproducible, for example, via recombinant means). It is understood thatpractitioners are familiar with the standard resource materials whichdescribe specific conditions and procedures for the construction,manipulation and isolation of antibodies (see, for example, Harlow andLane, In Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, ColdSpring Harbor, N.Y. (1988), the entirety of which is herein incorporatedby reference).

Murine monoclonal antibodies are particularly preferred. BALB/c mice arepreferred for this purpose, however, equivalent strains may also beused. The animals are preferably immunized with approximately 25 μg ofpurified protein (or fragment thereof) that has been emulsified asuitable adjuvant (such as TiterMax adjuvant (Vaxcel, Norcross, Ga.)).Immunization is preferably conducted at two intramuscular sites, oneintraperitoneal site, and one subcutaneous site at the base of the tail.An additional i.v. injection of approximately 25 μg of antigen ispreferably given in normal saline three weeks later. After approximately11 days following the second injection, the mice may be bled and theblood screened for the presence of anti-protein or peptide antibodies.Preferably, a direct binding Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay (ELISA) isemployed for this purpose.

More preferably, the mouse having the highest antibody titer is given athird i.v. injection of approximately 25 μg of the same protein orfragment. The splenic leukocytes from this animal may be recovered 3days later, and are then permitted to fuse, most preferably, usingpolyethylene glycol, with cells of a suitable myeloma cell line (suchas, for example, the P3X63Ag8.653 myeloma cell line). Hybridoma cellsare selected by culturing the cells under “HAT”(hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymine) selection for about one week. Theresulting clones may then be screened for their capacity to producemonoclonal antibodies (“mAbs), preferably by direct ELISA.

In one embodiment, anti-protein or peptide monoclonal antibodies areisolated using a fusion of a protein, protein fragment, or peptide ofthe present invention, or conjugate of a protein, protein fragment, orpeptide of the present invention, as immunogens. Thus, for example, agroup of mice can be immunized using a fusion protein emulsified inFreund's complete adjuvant (e.g., approximately 50 μg of antigen perimmunization). At three week intervals, an identical amount of antigenis emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant and used to immunize theanimals. Ten days following the third immunization, serum samples aretaken and evaluated for the presence of antibody. If antibody titers aretoo low, a fourth booster can be employed. Polysera capable of bindingthe protein or peptide can also be obtained using this method.

In a preferred procedure for obtaining monoclonal antibodies, thespleens of the above-described immunized mice are removed, disrupted,and immune splenocytes are isolated over a ficoll gradient. The isolatedsplenocytes are fused, using polyethylene glycol with BALB/c-derivedHGPRT (hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase) deficientP3x63xAg8.653 plasmacytoma cells. The fused cells are plated into96-well microtiter plates and screened for hybridoma fusion cells bytheir capacity to grow in culture medium supplemented withhypothanthine, aminopterin and thymidine for approximately 2-3 weeks.

Hybridoma cells that arise from such incubation are preferably screenedfor their capacity to produce an immunoglobulin that binds to a proteinof interest. An indirect ELISA may be used for this purpose. In brief,the supernatants of hybridomas are incubated in microtiter wells thatcontain immobilized protein. After washing, the titer of boundimmunoglobulin can be determined using, for example, a goat anti-mouseantibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. After additional washing,the amount of immobilized enzyme is determined (for example through theuse of a chromogenic substrate). Such screening is performed as quicklyas possible after the identification of the hybridoma in order to ensurethat a desired clone is not overgrown by non-secreting neighbors.Desirably, the fusion plates are screened several times since the ratesof hybridoma growth vary. In a preferred sub-embodiment, a differentantigenic form of immunogen may be used to screen the hybridoma. Thus,for example, the splenocytes may be immunized with one immunogen, butthe resulting hybridomas can be screened using a different immunogen. Itis understood that any of the protein or peptide molecules of thepresent invention may be used to raise antibodies.

As discussed below, such antibody molecules or their fragments may beused for diagnostic purposes. Where the antibodies are intended fordiagnostic purposes, it may be desirable to derivatize them, for examplewith a ligand group (such as biotin) or a detectable marker group (suchas a fluorescent group, a radioisotope or an enzyme).

The ability to produce antibodies that bind the protein or peptidemolecules of the present invention permits the identification of mimeticcompounds of those molecules. A “mimetic compound” is a compound that isnot that compound, or a fragment of that compound, but which nonethelessexhibits an ability to specifically bind to antibodies directed againstthat compound.

It is understood that any of the agents of the present invention can besubstantially purified and/or be biologically active and/or recombinant.

Uses of the Agents of the Invention

The nucleic acid molecules and fragments thereof of the presentinvention are generated from the cDNA library, LIB 143, prepared fromZea mays heat shocked seedlings two days post germination. Seedlings area developmental phase in the growth process therefore, the ESTs of thepresent invention will find great use in the isolation of a variety ofagronomically significant genes, including but not limited to genes thatregulate germination, developmental stress, protein, amino acids,sterols, oils, minerals, isoflavones, saponins, trypsin inhibitors,vitamins, tocopherols, antinutrient components, carbohydrates, starchmetabolism, and seedling and vegetative regulatory elements. Suchcrucial genes are associated with plant growth, quality, yield, andcould also serve as links in important metabolic, developmental andcatabolic pathways.

The nucleic acid molecules and fragments thereof of the presentinvention are generated from the cDNA library, LIB148, prepared from Zeamays pollen tissue at the V10+ plant development stage. ESTs from thistissue sample can enable the acquisition of a variety of agronomicallysignificant genes involved in the synthesis and catabolism ofcommercially important traits. The ESTs of the present invention canenable the acquisition of, including but not limited to genes involvedin reproduction and seed production, therefore, the ESTs of the presentinvention will find great use in the isolation of a variety ofagronomically significant genes, including but not limited to, genesthat regulate meiosis, cell division, carotenoids, floral biogenesis,embryogenesis, protein, amino acids, sterols, oils, minerals,isoflavones, saponins, vitamins, tocopherols, antinutrient components,carbohydrates, starch metabolism and seed regulatory elements. Suchgenes are associated with plant growth, quality and yield, and couldalso serve as links in important developmental, metabolic, and catabolicpathways.

The nucleic acid molecules and fragments thereof of the presentinvention are generated from the cDNA library, LIB 189, prepared fromZea mays pooled leaf tissue harvested from field grown plants. Leavesare the carbohydrate factories of crop plants, therefore, the ESTs ofthe present invention will find great use in the isolation of a varietyof agronomically significant genes, including but not limited to genesthat are necessary to for the interception and transformation of lightenergy via photosynthesis linked with plant growth, quality and yield.Genes isolated using the disclosed ESTs would also be in pathwaysincluding but not limited to a pathway such as nitrogen metabolismlinked to fruiting and mobilization and distribution of nitrogen.

The nucleic acid molecules and fragments thereof of the presentinvention are generated from the cDNA library, LIB3059, prepared fromZea mays pooled kernel tissue harvested 12-15 days after pollinationfrom field grown plants. Libraries from this tissue can enable theacquisition of a variety of agronomically significant genes involved inthe synthesis and catabolism of commercially important traits. The ESTsof the present invention can enable the acquisition of, including butnot limited to genes that regulate protein, oils, amino acids, sterols,minerals, isoflavones, saponins, vitamins, tocopherols, antinutrientcomponents, carbohydrates, starch metabolism and seed regulatoryelements. Such genes are associated with plant growth, quality andyield, and could also serve as links in important developmental,metabolic, and catabolic pathways.

The nucleic acid molecules and fragments thereof of the presentinvention are generated from the cDNA library, LIB3060, prepared fromthe tissue of Zea mays senescing leaves, which are collected at theposition of two leaves below the ear leaf of mature corn plants at 40days after pollination. The ESTs of the present invention can enable theacquisition of genes expressed during onset and early stages of leafsenescence. The ESTs of the present invention can also be used inisolating genes which would be involved in pathways, including but notlimited to, of light and dark respiration, of CO₂ assimilation, and ofnitrogen metabolism linked to fruiting and mobilization and distributionof nitrogen. Leaves are the main photosynthetic organs of crop plants,therefore, the ESTs of the present invention will find great use in theisolation of a variety of agronomically significant genes, including butnot limited to, genes that regulate photosynthesis and respiration. Suchgenes are associated with plant growth, quality and yield, and couldalso serve as links in important developmental, metabolic, and catabolicpathways. Libraries from this tissue can enable the acquisition of avariety of agronomically significant genes involved in the synthesis andcatabolism of commercially important traits.

The nucleic acid molecules and fragments thereof of the presentinvention are generated from the cDNA library, LIB3062, prepared fromZea mays husk tissue harvested at the eight week old stage from plantsgrown in a green house. Husks have similar characters of leaves whichare the carbohydrate factories of crop plants, therefore, the ESTs ofthe present invention will find great use in the isolation of a varietyof agronomically significant genes, including but not limited to genesthat are necessary to for the interception and transformation of lightenergy via photosynthesis linked with plant growth, quality and yield.Genes isolated using the disclosed ESTs would also be in pathwaysincluding but not limited to a pathway such as nitrogen metabolismlinked to fruiting and mobilization and distribution of nitrogen.

The nucleic acid molecules and fragments thereof of the presentinvention are generated from the cDNA library, LIB3066, prepared fromZea mays (Monsanto Corp. St. Louis, Mo.), immature anthers. The ESTs ofthe present invention can enable the acquisition of, but are not limitedto genes involved in reproduction, pollen production and development,and seed production, therefore, the ESTs of the present invention willfind great use in the isolation of a variety of agronomicallysignificant genes, including but not limited to, genes that regulatemicrosporogenesis, meiosis, cell division, carotenoids, floralbiogenesis, embryogenesis, protein, amino acids, sterols, oils,minerals, isoflavones, saponins, vitamins, tocopherols, antinutrientcomponents, carbohydrates, starch metabolism and seed regulatoryelements. Such genes are associated with plant growth, quality andyield, and could also serve as links in important developmental,metabolic, and catabolic pathways. Libraries from this tissue can enablethe acquisition of a variety of agronomically significant genes involvedin the synthesis and catabolism of commercially important traits.

The nucleic acid molecules and fragments thereof of the presentinvention are generated from the cDNA library, LIB3067, prepared fromZea mays kernel tissue harvested 5-8 days after pollination from plantsgrown in a green house. Libraries from this tissue can enable theacquisition of a variety of agronomically significant genes involved inthe synthesis and catabolism of commercially important traits. The ESTsof the present invention can enable the acquisition of, including butnot limited to genes that regulate protein, early kernel development,cell division, amyloplast biogenesis, early carbon flow across materialto filial tissue, oils, amino acids, sterols, minerals, isoflavones,saponins, vitamins, tocopherols, antinutrient components, carbohydrates,starch metabolism and seed regulatory elements. Such genes areassociated with plant growth, quality and yield, and could also serve aslinks in important developmental, metabolic, and catabolic pathways.

The nucleic acid molecules and fragments thereof of the presentinvention are generated from the cDNA library, LIB3068, prepared fromZea mays, genotype MO17 pollen germinating on H99 silk tissue. Thissample represents genes expressed in both pollen and silk tissuesearlier in pollination and can enable the acquisition of a variety ofagronomically significant genes involved in the synthesis and catabolismof commercially important traits. The ESTs of the present invention canenable the acquisition of, including but not limited to genes involvedin reproduction and seed production, therefore, the ESTs of the presentinvention will find great use in the isolation of a variety ofagronomically significant genes, including but not limited to, genesthat regulate meiosis, cell division, carotenoids, floral biogenesis,embryogenesis, protein, amino acids, sterols, oils, minerals,isoflavones, saponins, vitamins, tocopherols, antinutrient components,carbohydrates, starch metabolism and seed regulatory elements. Suchgenes are associated with plant growth, quality and yield, and couldalso serve as links in important developmental, metabolic, and catabolicpathways.

The nucleic acid molecules and fragments thereof of the presentinvention are generated from the cDNA library, LIB3069, prepared fromZea mays, genotype H99 (Monsanto Corp., St. Louis, Mo.), ears pollinatedwith an excess of genotype MO17 (Illinois Foundation Seeds, Champaign,Ill.) pollen and harvested from 18 hours after pollination plants. TheESTs of the present invention can enable the acquisition of, includingbut not limited to genes expressed early in fertilization and thoseinvolved in reproduction and seed development, therefore, the ESTs ofthe present invention will find great use in the isolation of a varietyof agronomically significant genes, including but not limited to, genesthat regulate cell division, floral biogenesis, embryogenesis, protein,oils, amino acids, sterols, minerals, isoflavones, saponins, vitamins,tocopherols, antinutrient components, carbohydrates, starch metabolismand seed regulatory elements. Such genes are associated with plantgrowth, quality and yield, and could also serve as links in importantdevelopmental, metabolic, and catabolic pathways. Libraries from thistissue can enable the acquisition of a variety of agronomicallysignificant genes involved in the synthesis and catabolism ofcommercially important traits.

The nucleic acid molecules and fragments thereof of the presentinvention are generated from the cDNA library, LIB3075, prepared frommaize microspore tissue. Libraries from this tissue can enable theacquisition of a variety of agronomically significant genes involved inthe synthesis and catabolism of commercially important traits. The ESTsof the present invention can enable the acquisition of, but are notlimited to genes involved in reproduction, meiosis, and cell division.Such genes are associated with plant growth, quality and yield, andcould also serve as links in important developmental, metabolic, andcatabolic pathways.

The nucleic acid molecules and fragments thereof of the presentinvention are generated from the cDNA library, LIB3076, prepared fromZea mays kernels from immature ear tissue harvested from seven week oldplants grown in a green house. Libraries from this tissue can enable theacquisition of a variety of agronomically significant genes involved inthe synthesis and catabolism of commercially important traits. The ESTsof the present invention can enable the acquisition of, including butnot limited to genes that regulate protein, oils, amino acids, sterols,minerals, isoflavones, saponins, vitamins, tocopherols, antinutrientcomponents, carbohydrates, starch metabolism and seed regulatoryelements. Such genes are associated with plant growth, quality andyield, and could also serve as links in important developmental,metabolic, and catabolic pathways.

The nucleic acid molecules and fragments thereof of the presentinvention are generated from the cDNA library, LIB3078, prepared fromZea mays, genotype RX601 (Asgrow, Des Moines, Iowa), shoots harvested at10 days after planting from plants which are grown in a greenhouse in ahigh CO₂ environment (˜1000 ppm CO₂). The ESTs of the present inventioncan enable the acquisition of, but are not limited to genes involved inphotosynthesis and respiration, therefore, the ESTs of the presentinvention will find great use in the isolation of a variety ofagronomically significant genes, including but not limited to, genesthat regulate light and dark respiration, CO₂ assimilation,photosynthesis, developmental stress, proteins, oils, amino acids,sterols, minerals, isoflavones, saponins, vitamins, tocopherols,antinutrient components, carbohydrates, and starch metabolism. Suchgenes are associated with plant growth, quality and yield, and couldalso serve as links in important developmental, metabolic, and catabolicpathways. Libraries from this tissue can enable the acquisition of avariety of agronomically significant genes involved in the synthesis andcatabolism of commercially important traits.

The nucleic acid molecules and fragments thereof of the presentinvention are generated from the cDNA library, LIB3079, prepared fromZea mays dissected kernel tissue including the lower endosperm and thebasal endosperm transfer region. This tissue was harvested from plantsbeyond the V10 stage grown under greenhouse conditions. Libraries fromthis tissue can enable the acquisition of a variety of agronomicallysignificant genes involved in the synthesis and catabolism ofcommercially important traits. The ESTs of the present invention canenable the acquisition of, including but not limited to genes thatregulate protein, oils, amino acids, sterols, minerals, isoflavones,saponins, vitamins, tocopherols, antinutrient components, carbohydrates,starch metabolism and seed regulatory elements. Such genes areassociated with plant growth, quality and yield, and could also serve aslinks in important developmental, metabolic, and catabolic pathways.

The nucleic acid molecules and fragments thereof of the presentinvention are generated from the cDNA library, LIB3088, prepared fromZea mays kernels from immature ear tissue harvested from eight week oldplants grown in a green house. Libraries from this tissue can enable theacquisition of a variety of agronomically significant genes involved inthe synthesis and catabolism of commercially important traits. The ESTsof the present invention can enable the acquisition of, including butnot limited to genes that regulate protein, oils, amino acids, sterols,minerals, isoflavones, saponins, vitamins, tocopherols, antinutrientcomponents, carbohydrates, starch metabolism and seed regulatoryelements. Such genes are associated with plant growth, quality andyield, and could also serve as links in important developmental,metabolic, and catabolic pathways.

The nucleic acid molecules and fragments thereof of the presentinvention are generated from the cDNA library, LIB3114, prepared frommaize silks harvested from plants which are beyond the V10 stage.Libraries from this tissue can enable the acquisition of a variety ofagronomically significant genes involved in the synthesis and catabolismof commercially important traits. The ESTs of the present invention canenable the acquisition of, including but not limited to, non-regulatorygenes and genes that regulate protein, oils, amino acids, sterols,minerals, isoflavones, saponins, vitamins, tocopherols, antinutrientcomponents, carbohydrates, starch metabolism and seed regulatoryelements. Such genes are associated with plant growth, quality andyield, and could also serve as links in important developmental,metabolic, and catabolic pathways.

Nucleic acid molecules and fragments thereof of the present inventionmay be employed to obtain other nucleic acid molecules. Such moleculesinclude the nucleic acid molecules of other plants or other organisms(e.g., alfalfa, rice, potato, cotton, oat, rye, barley, maize, wheat,Arabidopsis, Brassica, etc.) including the nucleic acid molecules thatencode, in whole or in part, protein homologues of other plant speciesor other organisms, and sequences of genetic elements such as promotersand transcriptional regulatory elements. Such molecules can be readilyobtained by using the above-described nucleic acid molecules orfragments thereof to screen cDNA or genomic libraries obtained from suchplant species. Methods for forming such libraries are well known in theart. Such homologue molecules may differ in their nucleotide sequencesfrom those found in one or more of SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:83523or complements thereof because complete complementarity is not neededfor stable hybridization. The nucleic acid molecules of the presentinvention therefore also include molecules that, although capable ofspecifically hybridizing with the nucleic acid molecules may lack“complete complementarity.”

Any of a variety of methods may be used to obtain one or more of theabove-described nucleic acid molecules (Zamechik et al., Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 83:4143-4146 (1986), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference; Goodchild et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.(U.S.A.) 85:5507-5511 (1988), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference; Wickstrom et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.(U.S.A.) 85:1028-1032 (1988), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference; Holt et al., Molec. Cell. Biol. 8:963-973(1988), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference;Gerwirtz et al., Science 242:1303-1306 (1988), the entirety of which isherein incorporated by reference; Anfossi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.(U.S.A.) 86:3379-3383 (1989), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference; Becker et al., EMBO J. 8:3685-3691 (1989);the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference). Automatednucleic acid synthesizers may be employed for this purpose. In lieu ofsuch synthesis, the disclosed nucleic acid molecules may be used todefine a pair of primers that can be used with the polymerase chainreaction (Mullis et al., Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol.51:263-273 (1986); Erlich et al., EP 50,424; EP 84,796, EP 258,017, EP237,362; Mullis, EP 201,184; Mullis et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202;Erlich, U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,788; and Saiki, R. et al., U.S. Pat. No.4,683,194, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety) to amplify and obtain any desired nucleic acid molecule orfragment.

Promoter sequence(s) and other genetic elements including but notlimited to transcriptional regulatory elements associated with one ormore of the disclosed nucleic acid sequences can also be obtained usingthe disclosed nucleic acid sequences provided herein.

In one embodiment, such sequences are obtained by incubating EST nucleicacid molecules or preferably fragments thereof with members of genomiclibraries (e.g. maize and soybean) and recovering clones that hybridizeto the EST nucleic acid molecule or fragment thereof. In a secondembodiment, methods of “chromosome walking,” or inverse PCR may be usedto obtain such sequences (Frohman et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.(U.S.A.) 85:8998-9002 (1988); Ohara et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.(U.S.A.) 86:5673-5677 (1989); Pang et al., Biotechniques, 22(6);1046-1048 (1977); Huang et al., Methods Mol. Biol. 69:89-96 (1977);Hartl et al., Methods Mol. Biol. 58:293-301 (1996), all of which arehereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). In one embodiment,the disclosed nucleic acid molecules are used to identify cDNAs whoseanalogous genes contain promoters with desirable expression patterns.The nucleic acid molecules isolated from the library of the presentinvention are used to isolate promoters of tissue-enhanced,tissue-specific, developmentally- or environmentally-regulatedexpression profiles. Isolation and functional analysis of the 5′flanking promoter sequences of these genes from genomic libraries, forexample, using genomic screening methods and PCR techniques would resultin the isolation of useful promoters and transcriptional regulatoryelements. These methods are known to those of skill in the art and havebeen described (See for example Birren et al., Genome Analysis:AnalyzingDNA, 1 (1997), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y., the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference).

Promoters obtained utilizing the nucleic acid molecules of the presentinvention could also be modified to affect their controlcharacteristics. Examples of such modifications would include but arenot limited to enhancer sequences as reported by Kay et al., Science236:1299 (1987), herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Suchgenetic elements could be used to enhance gene expression of new andexisting traits for crop improvements.

The nucleic acid molecules of the present invention may be used toisolate promoters of tissue enhanced. tissue specific, cell-specific,cell-type, developmentally or environmentally regulated expressionprofiles. Isolation and functional analysis of the 5′ flanking promotersequences of these genes from genomic libraries, for example, usinggenomic screening methods and PCR techniques would result in theisolation of useful promoters and transcriptional regulatory elements.These methods are known to those of skill in the art and have beendescribed (See, for example, Birren et. al., Genome Analysis: AnalyzingDNA, 1, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.(1997), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference).Promoters obtained utilizing the nucleic acid molecules of the presentinvention could also be modified to affect their controlcharacteristics. Examples of such modifications would include but arenot limited to enhancer sequences as reported by Kay et al., Science236:1299 (1987), herein incorporated reference in its entirety. Suchgenetic elements could be used to enhance gene expression of new andexisting traits for crop improvements.

In an aspect of the present invention, one or more of the nucleicmolecules of the present invention are used to determine whether a plant(preferably maize) has a mutation affecting the level (i.e., theconcentration of mRNA in a sample, etc.) or pattern (i.e., the kineticsof expression, rate of decomposition, stability profile, etc.) of theexpression encoded in part or whole by one or more of the nucleic acidmolecules of the present invention (collectively, the “ExpressionResponse” of a cell or tissue). As used herein, the Expression Responsemanifested by a cell or tissue is said to be “altered” if it differsfrom the Expression Response of cells or tissues of plants notexhibiting the phenotype. To determine whether a Expression Response isaltered, the Expression Response manifested by the cell or tissue of theplant exhibiting the phenotype is compared with that of a similar cellor tissue sample of a plant not exhibiting the phenotype. As will beappreciated, it is not necessary to re-determine the Expression Responseof the cell or tissue sample of plants not exhibiting the phenotype eachtime such a comparison is made; rather, the Expression Response of aparticular plant may be compared with previously obtained values ofnormal plants. As used herein, the phenotype of the organism is any ofone or more characteristics of an organism (e.g., disease resistance,pest tolerance, environmental tolerance, male sterility, yield, qualityimprovements, etc.). A change in genotype or phenotype may be transientor permanent. Also as used herein, a tissue sample is any sample thatcomprises more than one cell. In a preferred aspect, a tissue samplecomprises cells that share a common characteristic (e.g., derived fromleaf, root, or pollen etc.).

In one sub-aspect, such an analysis is conducted by determining thepresence and/or identity of polymorphism(s) by one or more of thenucleic acid molecules of the present invention and more specifically,one or more of the EST nucleic acid molecules or fragments thereof whichare associated with phenotype, or a predisposition to phenotype.

Any of a variety of molecules can be used to identify suchpolymorphism(s). In one embodiment, one or more of the EST nucleic acidmolecules (or a sub-fragment thereof) may be employed as a markernucleic acid molecule to identify such polymorphism(s). Alternatively,such polymorphisms can be detected through the use of a marker nucleicacid molecule or a marker protein that is genetically linked to (i.e., apolynucleotide that co-segregates with) such polymorphism(s).

In an alternative embodiment, such polymorphisms can be detected throughthe use of a marker nucleic acid molecule that is physically linked tosuch polymorphism(s). For this purpose, marker nucleic acid moleculescomprising a nucleotide sequence of a polynucleotide located within 1 mbof the polymorphism(s), and more preferably within 100 kb of thepolymorphism(s), and most preferably within 10 kb of the polymorphism(s)can be employed.

The genomes of animals and plants naturally undergo spontaneous mutationin the course of their continuing evolution (Gusella, Ann. Rev. Biochem.55:831-854 (1986)). A “polymorphism” is a variation or difference in thesequence of the gene or its flanking regions that arises in some of themembers of a species. The variant sequence and the “original” sequenceco-exist in the species' population. In some instances, suchco-existence is in stable or quasi-stable equilibrium.

A polymorphism is thus said to be “allelic,” in that, due to theexistence of the polymorphism, some members of a species may have theoriginal sequence (i.e., the original “allele”) whereas other membersmay have the variant sequence (i.e., the variant “allele”). In thesimplest case, only one variant sequence may exist, and the polymorphismis thus said to be di-allelic. In other cases, the species' populationmay contain multiple alleles, and the polymorphism is termedtri-allelic, etc. A single gene may have multiple different unrelatedpolymorphisms. For example, it may have a di-allelic polymorphism at onesite, and a multi-allelic polymorphism at another site.

The variation that defines the polymorphism may range from a singlenucleotide variation to the insertion or deletion of extended regionswithin a gene. In some cases, the DNA sequence variations are in regionsof the genome that are characterized by short tandem repeats (STRs) thatinclude tandem di- or tri-nucleotide repeated motifs of nucleotides.Polymorphisms characterized by such tandem repeats are referred to as“variable number tandem repeat” (“VNTR”) polymorphisms. VNTRs have beenused in identity analysis (Weber, U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,217; Armour etal., FEBS Lett. 307:113-115 (1992); Jones et al., Eur. J. Haematol.39:144-147 (1987); Horn et al., PCT Application WO91/14003; Jeffreys,European Patent Application 370,719; Jeffreys, U.S. Pat. No. 5,699,082;Jeffreys et al., Amer. J. Hum. Genet. 39:11-24 (1986); Jeffreys et al.,Nature 316:76-79 (1985); Gray et al., Proc. R. Acad. Soc. Lond.243:241-253 (1991); Moore et al., Genomics 10:654-660 (1991); Jeffreyset al., Anim. Genet. 18:1-15 (1987); Hillel et al., Anim. Genet.20:145-155 (1989); Hillel et al., Genet. 124:783-789 (1990), all ofwhich are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety).

The detection of polymorphic sites in a sample of DNA may be facilitatedthrough the use of nucleic acid amplification methods. Such methodsspecifically increase the concentration of polynucleotides that span thepolymorphic site, or include that site and sequences located eitherdistal or proximal to it. Such amplified molecules can be readilydetected by gel electrophoresis or other means.

The most preferred method of achieving such amplification employs thepolymerase chain reaction (“PCR”) (Mullis, et al., Cold Spring HarborSymp. Quant. Biol. 51:263-273 (1986); Erlich et al., European PatentAppln. 50,424; European Patent Appln. 84,796, European PatentApplication 258,017, European Patent Appln. 237,362; Mullis, EuropeanPatent Appln. 201,184; Mullis et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202; Erlich.,U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,788; and Saiki et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,194, allof which are herein incorporated by reference), using primer pairs thatare capable of hybridizing to the proximal sequences that define apolymorphism in its double-stranded form.

In lieu of PCR, alternative methods, such as the “Ligase Chain Reaction”(“LCR”) may be used (Barany, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 88:189-193(1991), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference). LCRuses two pairs of oligonucleotide probes to exponentially amplify aspecific target. The sequences of each pair of oligonucleotides isselected to permit the pair to hybridize to abutting sequences of thesame strand of the target. Such hybridization forms a substrate for atemplate-dependent ligase. As with PCR, the resulting products thusserve as a template in subsequent cycles and an exponentialamplification of the desired sequence is obtained.

LCR can be performed with oligonucleotides having the proximal anddistal sequences of the same strand of a polymorphic site. In oneembodiment, either oligonucleotide will be designed to include theactual polymorphic site of the polymorphism. In such an embodiment, thereaction conditions are selected such that the oligonucleotides can beligated together only if the target molecule either contains or lacksthe specific nucleotide that is complementary to the polymorphic sitepresent on the oligonucleotide. Alternatively, the oligonucleotides maybe selected such that they do not include the polymorphic site (see,Segev, PCT Application WO 90/01069, the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference).

The “Oligonucleotide Ligation Assay” (“OLA”) may alternatively beemployed (Landegren et al., Science 241:1077-1080 (1988), the entiretyof which is herein incorporated by reference). The OLA protocol uses twooligonucleotides which are designed to be capable of hybridizing toabutting sequences of a single strand of a target. OLA, like LCR, isparticularly suited for the detection of point mutations. Unlike LCR,however, OLA results in “linear” rather than exponential amplificationof the target sequence.

Nickerson, et al. have described a nucleic acid detection assay thatcombines attributes of PCR and OLA (Nickerson et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. (U.S.A.) 87:8923-8927 (1990), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference). In this method, PCR is used to achieve theexponential amplification of target DNA, which is then detected usingOLA. In addition to requiring multiple, and separate, processing steps,one problem associated with such combinations is that they inherit allof the problems associated with PCR and OLA.

Schemes based on ligation of two (or more) oligonucleotides in thepresence of nucleic acid having the sequence of the resulting“di-oligonucleotide”, thereby amplifying the di-oligonucleotide, arealso known (Wu et al., Genomics 4:560 (1989), the entirety of which isherein incorporated by reference), and may be readily adapted to thepurposes of the present invention.

Other known nucleic acid amplification procedures, such asallele-specific oligomers, branched DNA technology, transcription-basedamplification systems, or isothermal amplification methods may also beused to amplify and analyze such polymorphisms (Malek et al., U.S. Pat.No. 5,130,238; Davey et al., European Patent Application 329,822;Schuster et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,169,766; Miller et al., PCT ApplicationWO 89/06700; Kwoh et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 86:1173-1177(1989); Gingeras et al., PCT Application WO 88/10315; Walker et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 89:392-396 (1992), all of which areherein incorporated by reference in their entirety).

The identification of a polymorphism can be determined in a variety ofways. By correlating the presence or absence of it in a plant with thepresence or absence of a phenotype, it is possible to predict thephenotype of that plant. If a polymorphism creates or destroys arestriction endonuclease cleavage site, or if it results in the loss orinsertion of DNA (e.g., a VNTR polymorphism), it will alter the size orprofile of the DNA fragments that are generated by digestion with thatrestriction endonuclease. As such, individuals that possess a variantsequence can be distinguished from those having the original sequence byrestriction fragment analysis. Polymorphisms that can be identified inthis manner are termed “restriction fragment length polymorphisms”(“RFLPs”). RFLPs have been widely used in human and plant geneticanalyses (Glassberg, UK Patent Application 2135774; Skolnick et al.,Cytogen. Cell Genet. 32:58-67 (1982); Botstein et al., Ann. J. Hum.Genet. 32:314-331 (1980); Fischer et al. (PCT Application WO90/13668);Uhlen, PCT Application WO90/11369).

Polymorphisms can also be identified by Single Strand ConformationPolymorphism (SSCP) analysis. The SSCP technique is a method capable ofidentifying most sequence variations in a single strand of DNA,typically between 150 and 250 nucleotides in length (Elles, Methods inMolecular Medicine: Molecular Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases, HumanaPress (1996), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference); Orita et al., Genomics 5:874-879 (1989), the entirety ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference). Under denaturing conditionsa single strand of DNA will adopt a conformation that is uniquelydependent on its sequence conformation. This conformation usually willbe different, even if only a single base is changed. Most conformationshave been reported to alter the physical configuration or sizesufficiently to be detectable by electrophoresis. A number of protocolshave been described for SSCP including, but not limited to Lee et al.,Anal. Biochem. 205:289-293 (1992), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference; Suzuki et al., Anal. Biochem. 192:82-84(1991), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference; Lo etal., Nucleic Acids Research 20:1005-1009 (1992), the entirety of whichis herein incorporated by reference; Sarkar et al., Genomics 13:441-443(1992), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference). Itis understood that one or more of the nucleic acids of the presentinvention, may be utilized as markers or probes to detect polymorphismsby SSCP analysis.

Polymorphisms may also be found using a DNA fingerprinting techniquecalled amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), which is based onthe selective PCR amplification of restriction fragments from a totaldigest of genomic DNA to profile that DNA. Vos et al., Nucleic AcidsRes. 23:4407-4414 (1995), the entirety of which is herein incorporatedby reference. This method allows for the specific co-amplification ofhigh numbers of restriction fragments, which can be visualized by PCRwithout knowledge of the nucleic acid sequence.

AFLP employs basically three steps. Initially, a sample of genomic DNAis cut with restriction enzymes and oligonucleotide adapters are ligatedto the restriction fragments of the DNA. The restriction fragments arethen amplified using PCR by using the adapter and restriction sequenceas target sites for primer annealing. The selective amplification isachieved by the use of primers that extend into the restrictionfragments, amplifying only those fragments in which the primerextensions match the nucleotide flanking the restriction sites. Theseamplified fragments are then visualized on a denaturing polyacrylamidegel.

AFLP analysis has been performed on Salix (Beismann et al., Mol. Ecol.6:989-993 (1997), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference); Acinetobacter (Janssen et al., Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol47:1179-1187 (1997), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference), Aeromonas popoffi (Huys et al., Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.47:1165-1171 (1997), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference), rice (McCouch et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 35:89-99 (1997), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference); Nandi et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet. 255:1-8 (1997); Cho et al., Genome 39:373-378 (1996),herein incorporated by reference), barley (Hordeum vulgare)(Simons etal., Genomics 44:61-70 (1997), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference; Waugh et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 255:311-321(1997), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference; Qi etal., Mol. Gen. Genet. 254:330-336 (1997), the entirety of which isherein incorporated by reference; Becker et al., Mol. Gen. Genet.249:65-73 (1995), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference), potato (Van der Voort et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 255:438-447(1997), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference;Meksem et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 249:74-81 (1995), the entirety of whichis herein incorporated by reference), Phytophthora infestans (Van derLee et al., Fungal Genet. Biol. 21:278-291 (1997), the entirety of whichis herein incorporated by reference), Bacillus anthracis (Keim et al.,J. Bacteriol. 179:818-824 (1997)), Astragalus cremnophylax (Travis etal., Mol. Ecol. 5:735-745 (1996), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference), Arabidopsis (Cnops et al., Mol. Gen. Genet.253:32-41 (1996), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference), Escherichia coli (Lin et al., Nucleic Acids Res.24:3649-3650 (1996), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference), Aeromonas (Huys et al., Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46:572-580(1996), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference),nematode (Folkertsma et al., Mol. Plant. Microbe Interact. 9:47-54(1996), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference),tomato (Thomas et al., Plant J. 8:785-794 (1995), the entirety of whichis herein incorporated by reference), and human (Latorra et al., PCRMethods Appl. 3:351-358 (1994)). AFLP analysis has also been used forfingerprinting mRNA (Money et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 24:2616-2617(1996), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference;Bachem et al., Plant J. 9:745-753 (1996), the entirety of which isherein incorporated by reference). It is understood that one or more ofthe nucleic acids of the present invention, may be utilized as markersor probes to detect polymorphisms by AFLP analysis for fingerprintingmRNA.

Polymorphisms may also be found using random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) (Williams et al., Nuc. Acids Res. 18:6531-6535 (1990), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference) and cleavableamplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) (Lyamichev et al., Science260:778-783 (1993), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference). It is understood that one or more of the nucleic acids ofthe present invention, may be utilized as markers or probes to detectpolymorphisms by RAPD or CAPS analysis.

Polymorphisms are useful, through linkage analysis, to define thegenetic distances or physical distances between polymorphic traits. Aphysical map or ordered array of genomic DNA fragments in the desiredregion containing the gene may be used to characterize and isolate genescorresponding to desirable traits. For this purpose, yeast artificialchromosomes (YACs), bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), and cosmidsare appropriate vectors for cloning large segments of DNA molecules.Although fewer clones are needed to make a contig for a specific genomicregion by using YACs (Agyare et al., Genome Res. 7:1-9 (1997), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference; James et al.,Genomics 32:425-430 (1996), the entirety of which is herein incorporatedby reference), chimerism in the inserted DNA fragment can arise. Cosmidsare convenient for handling smaller-size DNA molecules and may be usedfor transformation in developing transgenic plants. BACs also carry DNAfragments and are less prone to chimerism.

Through genetic mapping, a fine scale linkage map can be developed usingDNA markers and, then, a genomic DNA library of large-sized fragmentscan be screened with molecular markers linked to the desired trait.Molecular markers are advantageous for agronomic traits that areotherwise difficult to tag, such as resistance to pathogens, insects andnematodes, tolerance to abiotic stress, quality parameters andquantitative traits such as high yield potential.

The essential requirements for marker-assisted selection in a plantbreeding program are: (1) the marker(s) should co-segregate or beclosely linked with the desired trait; (2) an efficient means ofscreening large populations for the molecular marker(s) should beavailable; and (3) the screening technique should have highreproducibility across laboratories and preferably be economical to useand be user-friendly.

The genetic linkage of marker molecules can be established by a genemapping model such as, without limitation, the flanking marker modelreported by Lander and Botstein, Genetics 121:185-199 (1989) and theinterval mapping, based on maximum likelihood methods described byLander and Botstein, Genetics 121:185-199 (1989) and implemented in thesoftware package MAPMAKER/QTL (Lincoln and Lander, Mapping GenesControlling Quantitative Traits Using MAPMAKER/QTL, Whitehead Institutefor Biomedical Research, Massachusetts, (1990). Additional softwareincludes Qgene, Version 2.23 (1996), Department of Plant Breeding andBiometry, 266 Emerson Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., the manualof which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Use ofQgene software is a particularly preferred approach.

A maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) for the presence of a marker iscalculated, together with an MLE assuming no QTL effect, to avoid falsepositives. A log₁₀ of an odds ratio (LOD) is then calculated as:LOD=log₁₀(MLE for the presence of a QTL/MLE given no linked QTL).

The LOD score essentially indicates how much more likely the data are tohave arisen assuming the presence of a QTL than in its absence. The LODthreshold value for avoiding a false positive with a given confidence,say 95%, depends on the number of markers and the length of the genome.Graphs indicating LOD thresholds are set forth in Lander and Botstein,Genetics 121:185-199 (1989) the entirety of which is herein incorporatedby reference and further described by Arus and Moreno-Gonzalez, PlantBreeding, Hayward et al., (eds.) Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 314-331(1993), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Additional models can be used. Many modifications and alternativeapproaches to interval mapping have been reported, including the use ofnon-parametric methods (Kruglyak and Lander, Genetics 139:1421-1428(1995), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference).Multiple regression methods or models can be also be used, in which thetrait is regressed on a large number of markers (Jansen, Biometrics inPlant Breeding, van Oijen and Jansen (eds.), Proceedings of the NinthMeeting of the Eucarpia Section Biometrics in Plant Breeding, TheNetherlands, pp. 116-124 (1994); Weber and Wricke, Advances in PlantBreeding, Blackwell, Berlin, 16 (1994), both of which is hereinincorporated by reference in their entirety). Procedures combininginterval mapping with regression analysis, whereby the phenotype isregressed onto a single putative QTL at a given marker interval and atthe same time onto a number of markers that serve as ‘cofactors,’ havebeen reported by Jansen and Stam, Genetics 136:1447-1455 (1994), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference and Zeng, Genetics136:1457-1468 (1994) the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference. Generally, the use of cofactors reduces the bias and samplingerror of the estimated QTL positions (Utz and Melchinger, Biometrics inPlant Breeding, van Oijen and Jansen (eds.) Proceedings of the NinthMeeting of the Eucarpia Section Biometrics in Plant Breeding, TheNetherlands, pp. 195-204 (1994), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference, thereby improving the precision andefficiency of QTL mapping (Zeng, Genetics 136:1457-1468 (1994)). Thesemodels can be extended to multi-environment experiments to analyzegenotype-environment interactions (Jansen et al., Theo. Appl. Genet.91:33-37 (1995), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference).

Selection of an appropriate mapping population is important to mapconstruction. The choice of an appropriate mapping population depends onthe type of marker systems employed (Tanksley et al., Molecular mappingplant chromosomes. Chromosome structure andfunction: Impact of newconcepts, Gustafson and Appels (eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp157-173 (1988), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference). Consideration must be given to the source of parents(adapted vs. exotic) used in the mapping population. Chromosome pairingand recombination rates can be severely disturbed (suppressed) in widecrosses (adapted×exotic) and generally yield greatly reduced linkagedistances. Wide crosses will usually provide segregating populationswith a relatively large array of polymorphisms when compared to progenyin a narrow cross (adapted×adapted).

An F₂ population is the first generation of selfing after the hybridseed is produced. Usually a single F₁ plant is selfed to generate apopulation segregating for all the genes in Mendelian (1:2:1) fashion.Maximum genetic information is obtained from a completely classified F₂population using a codominant marker system (Mather, Measurement ofLinkage in Heredity, Methuen and Co., (1938), the entirety of which isherein incorporated by reference). In the case of dominant markers,progeny tests (e.g., F₃, BCF₂) are required to identify theheterozygotes, thus making it equivalent to a completely classified F₂population. However, this procedure is often prohibitive because of thecost and time involved in progeny testing. Progeny testing of F₂individuals is often used in map construction where phenotypes do notconsistently reflect genotype (e.g., disease resistance) or where traitexpression is controlled by a QTL. Segregation data from progeny testpopulations (e.g., F₃ or BCF₂) can be used in map construction.Marker-assisted selection can then be applied to cross progeny based onmarker-trait map associations (F₂, F₃), where linkage groups have notbeen completely disassociated by recombination events (i.e., maximumdisequilibrium).

Recombinant inbred lines (RIL) (genetically related lines; usually >F₅,developed from continuously selfing F₂ lines towards homozygosity) canbe used as a mapping population. Information obtained from dominantmarkers can be maximized by using RIL because all loci are homozygous ornearly so. Under conditions of tight linkage (i.e., about <10%recombination), dominant and co-dominant markers evaluated in RILpopulations provide more information per individual than either markertype in backcross populations (Reiter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.(U.S.A.) 89:1477-1481 (1992), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference). However, as the distance between markersbecomes larger (i.e., loci become more independent), the information inRIL populations decreases dramatically when compared to codominantmarkers.

Backcross populations (e.g., generated from a cross between a successfulvariety (recurrent parent) and another variety (donor parent) carrying atrait not present in the former) can be utilized as a mappingpopulation. A series of backcrosses to the recurrent parent can be madeto recover most of its desirable traits. Thus a population is createdconsisting of individuals nearly like the recurrent parent but eachindividual carries varying amounts or mosaic of genomic regions from thedonor parent. Backcross populations can be useful for mapping dominantmarkers if all loci in the recurrent parent are homozygous and the donorand recurrent parent have contrasting polymorphic marker alleles (Reiteret al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 89:1477-1481 (1992)).Information obtained from backcross populations using either codominantor dominant markers is less than that obtained from F₂ populationsbecause one, rather than two, recombinant gametes are sampled per plant.Backcross populations, however, are more informative (at low markersaturation) when compared to RILs as the distance between linked lociincreases in RIL populations (i.e. about 15% recombination). Increasedrecombination can be beneficial for resolution of tight linkages, butmay be undesirable in the construction of maps with low markersaturation.

Near-isogenic lines (NIL) created by many backcrosses to produce anarray of individuals that are nearly identical in genetic compositionexcept for the trait or genomic region under interrogation can be usedas a mapping population. In mapping with NILs, only a portion of thepolymorphic loci are expected to map to a selected region.

Bulk segregant analysis (BSA) is a method developed for the rapididentification of linkage between markers and traits of interest(Michelmore et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 88:9828-9832 (1991),the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference). In BSA, twobulked DNA samples are drawn from a segregating population originatingfrom a single cross. These bulks contain individuals that are identicalfor a particular trait (resistant or susceptible to particular disease)or genomic region but arbitrary at unlinked regions (i.e.,heterozygous). Regions unlinked to the target region will not differbetween the bulked samples of many individuals in BSA.

It is understood that one or more of the nucleic acid molecules of thepresent invention may be used as molecular markers. It is alsounderstood that one or more of the protein molecules of the presentinvention may be used as molecular markers.

In accordance with this aspect of the present invention, a samplenucleic acid is obtained from plants cells or tissues. Any source ofnucleic acid may be used. Preferably, the nucleic acid is genomic DNA.The nucleic acid is subjected to restriction endonuclease digestion. Forexample, one or more EST nucleic acid molecule or fragment thereof canbe used as a probe in accordance with the above-described polymorphicmethods. The polymorphism obtained in this approach can then be clonedto identify the mutation at the coding region which alters the protein'sstructure or regulatory region of the gene which affects its expressionlevel.

In one aspect of the present invention, an evaluation can be conductedto determine whether a particular mRNA molecule is present. One or moreof the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention, preferably oneor more of the EST nucleic acid molecules of the present invention areutilized to detect the presence or quantity of the mRNA species. Suchmolecules are then incubated with cell or tissue extracts of a plantunder conditions sufficient to permit nucleic acid hybridization. Thedetection of double-stranded probe-mRNA hybrid molecules is indicativeof the presence of the mRNA; the amount of such hybrid formed isproportional to the amount of mRNA. Thus, such probes may be used toascertain the level and extent of the mRNA production in a plant's cellsor tissues. Such nucleic acid hybridization may be conducted underquantitative conditions (thereby providing a numerical value of theamount of the mRNA present). Alternatively, the assay may be conductedas a qualitative assay that indicates either that the mRNA is present,or that its level exceeds a user set, predefined value.

A principle of in situ hybridization is that a labeled, single-strandednucleic acid probe will hybridize to a complementary strand of cellularDNA or RNA and, under the appropriate conditions, these molecules willform a stable hybrid. When nucleic acid hybridization is combined withhistological techniques, specific DNA or RNA sequences can be identifiedwithin a single cell. An advantage of in situ hybridization over moreconventional techniques for the detection of nucleic acids is that itallows an investigator to determine the precise spatial population(Angerer et al., Dev. Biol. 101:477-484 (1984), the entirety of which isherein incorporated by reference; Angerer et al., Dev. Biol. 112:157-166(1985), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference; Dixonet al., EMBO J. 10:1317-1324 (1991), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference). In situ hybridization may be used to measurethe steady-state level of RNA accumulation. It is a sensitive techniqueand RNA sequences present in as few as 5-10 copies per cell can bedetected (Hardin et al., J. Mol. Biol. 202:417-431.(1989), the entiretyof which is herein incorporated by reference). A number of protocolshave been devised for in situ hybridization, each with tissuepreparation, hybridization, and washing conditions (Meyerowitz, PlantMol. Biol. Rep. 5:242-250 (1987), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference; Cox and Goldberg, In: Plant MolecularBiology: A Practical Approach (ed. C. H. Shaw), pp. 1-35, IRL Press,Oxford (1988), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference; Raikhel et al., In situ RNA hybridization in plant tissues InPlant Molecular Biology Manual, vol. B9: 1-32, Kluwer AcademicPublisher, Dordrecht, Belgium (1989), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference).

In situ hybridization also allows for the localization of proteinswithin a tissue or cell (Wilkinson, In Situ Hybridization, OxfordUniversity Press, Oxford (1992), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference; Langdale, In Situ Hybridization 165-179 In:The Maize Handbook, eds. Freeling and Walbot, Springer-Verlag, New York(1994), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference). Itis understood that one or more of the molecules of the presentinvention, preferably one or more of the EST nucleic acid molecules ofthe present invention or one or more of the antibodies of the presentinvention may be utilized to detect the level or pattern of a protein orfragment thereof by in situ hybridization.

Fluorescent in situ hybridization also enables the localization of aparticular DNA sequence along a chromosome which is useful, among otheruses, for gene mapping, following chromosomes in hybrid lines ordetecting chromosomes with translocations, transversions or deletions.In situ hybridization has been used to identify chromosomes in severalplant species (Griffor et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 17:101-109 (1991), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference; Gustafson et al.,Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.). 87:1899-1902 (1990), hereinincorporated by reference; Mukai and Gill, Genome 34:448-452 (1991);Schwarzacher and Heslop-Harrison, Genome 34:317-323 (1991); Wang et al.,Jpn. J. Genet. 66:313-316 (1991), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference; Parra and Windle, Nature Genetics, 5:17-21(1993), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference). Itis understood that the nucleic acid molecules of the present inventionmay be used as probes or markers to localize sequences along achromosome.

It is also understood that one or more of the molecules of the presentinvention, preferably one or more of the EST nucleic acid molecules ofthe present invention or one or more of the antibodies of the presentinvention may be utilized to detect the expression level or pattern of aprotein or mRNA thereof by in situ hybridization.

Another method to localize the expression of a molecule is tissueprinting. Tissue printing provides a way to screen, at the same time onthe same membrane many tissue sections from different plants ordifferent developmental stages. Tissue-printing procedures utilize filmsdesigned to immobilize proteins and nucleic acids. In essence, a freshlycut section of an organ is pressed gently onto nitrocellulose paper,nylon membrane or polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. Such membranes arecommercially available (e.g., Millipore, Bedford, Mass.). The contentsof the cut cell transfer onto the membrane, and the molecules areimmobilized to the membrane. The immobilized molecules form a latentprint that can be visualized with appropriate probes. When a planttissue print is made on nitrocellulose paper, the cell walls leave aphysical print that makes the anatomy visible without further treatment(Varner and Taylor, Plant Physiol. 91:31-33 (1989), the entirety ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference).

Tissue printing on substrate films is described by Daoust, Exp. CellRes. 12:203-211 (1957), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference, who detected amylase, protease, ribonuclease, anddeoxyribonuclease in animal tissues using starch, gelatin, and agarfilms. These techniques can be applied to plant tissues (Yomo andTaylor, Planta 112:35-43 (1973); Harris and Chrispeels, Plant Physiol.56:292-299 (1975). Advances in membrane technology have increased therange of applications of Daoust's tissue-printing techniques allowing(Cassab and Varner, J. Cell. Biol. 105:2581-2588 (1987), the entirety ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference; the histochemicallocalization of various plant enzymes and deoxyribonuclease onnitrocellulose paper and nylon (Spruce et al., Phytochemistry26:2901-2903 (1987), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference; Barres et al., Neuron 5:527-544 (1990), the entirety of whichis herein incorporated by reference; the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference; Reid and Pont-Lezica, Tissue Printing: Toolsfor the Study of Anatomy, Histochemistry, and Gene Expression, AcademicPress, New York, N.Y. (1992), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference; Reid et al., Plant Physiol. 93:160-165(1990), herein incorporate by reference; Ye et al., Plant J. 1:175-183(1991), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference).

It is understood that one or more of the molecules of the presentinvention, preferably one or more of the EST nucleic acid molecules ofthe present invention or one or more of the antibodies of the presentinvention may be utilized to detect the presence or quantity of aprotein by tissue printing.

Further, it is also understood that any of the nucleic acid molecules ofthe present invention may be used as marker nucleic acids and or probesin connection with methods that require probes or marker nucleic acids.As used herein, a probe is an agent that is utilized to determine anattribute or feature (e.g., presence or absence, location, correlation,etc.) or a molecule, cell, tissue or plant. As used herein, a markernucleic acid is a nucleic acid molecule that is utilized to determine anattribute or feature (e.g., presence or absence, location, correlation,etc.) or a molecule, cell, tissue or plant.

A microarray-based method for high-throughput monitoring of plant geneexpression may be utilized to measure gene-specific hybridizationtargets. This ‘chip’-based approach involves using microarrays ofnucleic acid molecules as gene-specific hybridization targets toquantitatively measure expression of the corresponding plant genes(Schena et al., Science 270:467-470 (1995), the entirety of which isherein incorporated by reference; Shalon, Ph.D. Thesis. StanfordUniversity (1996), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference). Every nucleotide in a large sequence can be queried at thesame time. Hybridization can be used to efficiently analyze largeamounts of nucleotide sequence.

Several microarray methods have been described. One method compares thesequences to be analyzed by hybridization to a set of oligonucleotidesrepresenting all possible subsequences (Bains and Smith, J. Theor. Biol.135:303 (1989), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference). A second method hybridizes the sample to an array ofoligonucleotide probes. An array consisting of oligonucleotidescomplementary to subsequences of a target sequence can be used todetermine the identity of a target sequence, measure its amount, anddetect differences between the target and a reference sequence. Nucleicacid molecules microarrays may also be screened with protein moleculesor fragments thereof to determine nucleic acid molecules thatspecifically bind protein molecules or fragments thereof.

The microarray approach may be used with polypeptide targets (U.S. Pat.No. 5,445,934; U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,854; U.S. Pat. No. 5,079,600; U.S.Pat. No. 4,923,901, all of which are herein incorporated by reference intheir entirety). Essentially, polypeptides are synthesized on asubstrate (microarray) and these polypeptides can be screened witheither protein molecules or fragments thereof or nucleic acid moleculesin order to screen for either protein molecules or fragments thereof ornucleic acid molecules that specifically bind the target polypeptides.Implementation of these techniques rely on recently developedcombinatorial technologies to generate any ordered array of a largenumber of oligonucleotide probes (Fodor et al., Science 251:767-773(1991), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference).

It is understood that one or more of the molecules of the presentinvention, preferably one or more of the nucleic acid molecules orprotein molecules or fragments thereof of the present invention may beutilized in a microarray based method.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention microarrays may beprepared that comprise nucleic acid molecules where preferably at least10%, preferably at least 25%, more preferably at least 50% and even morepreferably at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% of the nucleic acidmolecules located on that array are selected from the group of nucleicacid molecules that specifically hybridize to one or more nucleic acidmolecule having a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group of SEQID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 83523 or complement thereof or fragments ofeither.

A particular preferred microarray embodiment of the present invention isa microarray comprising nucleic acid molecules encoding genes orfragments thereof that are homologues of known genes or nucleic acidmolecules that comprise genes or fragment thereof that elicit onlylimited or no matches to known genes. A further preferred microarrayembodiment of the present invention is a microarray comprising nucleicacid molecules having genes or fragments thereof that are homologues ofknown genes and nucleic acid molecules that comprise genes or fragmentthereof that elicit only limited or no matches to known genes.Site-directed mutagenesis may be utilized to modify nucleic acidsequences, particularly as it is a technique that allows one or more ofthe amino acids encoded by a nucleic acid molecule to be altered (e.g. athreonine to be replaced by a methionine). Three basic methods forsite-directed mutagenesis are often employed. These are cassettemutagenesis (Wells et al., Gene 34:315-23 (1985), the entirety of whichis herein incorporated by reference), primer extension (Gilliam et al.,Gene 12:129-137 (1980), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference); Zoller and Smith, Methods Enzymol. 100:468-500 (1983), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference; andDalbadie-McFarland et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 79:6409-6413(1982), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference) andmethods based upon PCR (Scharf et al., Science 233:1076-1078 (1986), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference; Higuchi et al.,Nucleic Acids Res. 16:7351-7367 (1988), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference). Site-directed mutagenesis approaches arealso described in European Patent 0 385 962, the entirety of which isherein incorporated by reference, European Patent 0 359 472, theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference, and PCT PatentApplication WO 93/07278, the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference.

Site-directed mutagenesis strategies have been applied to plants forboth in vitro as well as in vivo site-directed mutagenesis (Lanz et al.,J. Biol. Chem. 266:9971-6 (1991), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference; Kovgan and Zhdanov, Biotekhnologiya5:148-154; No. 207160n, Chemical Abstracts 110:225 (1989), the entiretyof which is herein incorporated by reference; Ge et al., Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 86:4037-4041 (1989), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference, Zhu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 271:18494-18498(1996), Chu et al., Biochemistry 33:6150-6157 (1994), the entirety ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference, Small et al., EMBO J. 11:1291-1296 (1992), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference, Cho et al., Mol. Biotechnol. 8:13-16 (1997), Kita et al., J.Biol. Chem. 271:26529-26535 (1996), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference, Jin et al., Mol. Microbiol. 7:555-562 (1993),the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference, Hatfield andVierstra, J. Biol. Chem. 267:14799-14803 (1992), the entirety of whichis herein incorporated by reference, Zhao et al., Biochemistry31:5093-5099 (1992), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference).

Any of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention may either bemodified by site-directed mutagenesis or used as, for example, nucleicacid molecules that are used to target other nucleic acid molecules formodification. It is understood that mutants with more than one alterednucleotide can be constructed using techniques that practitionersskilled in the art are familiar with such as isolating restrictionfragments and ligating such fragments into an expression vector (see,for example, Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989)).

Sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins play a role in the regulation oftranscription. The isolation of recombinant cDNAs encoding theseproteins facilitates the biochemical analysis of their structural andfunctional properties. Genes encoding such DNA-binding proteins havebeen isolated using classical genetics (Vollbrecht et al., Nature350:241-243 (1991), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference) and molecular biochemical approaches, including the screeningof recombinant cDNA libraries with antibodies (Landschulz et al., GenesDev. 2:786-800 (1988), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference) or DNA probes (Bodner et al., Cell 55:505-518 (1988), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference). In addition, anin situ screening procedure has been used and has facilitated theisolation of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins from various plantspecies (Gilmartin et al., Plant Cell 4:839-849 (1992), the entirety ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference; Schindler et al., EMBO J.11:1261-1273 (1992) the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference). An in situ screening protocol does not require thepurification of the protein of interest (Vinson et al., Genes Dev.2:801-806 (1988), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference; Singh et al., Cell 52:415-423 (1988), the entirety of whichis herein incorporated by reference).

Steps may be employed to characterize DNA-protein interactions. Thefirst is to identify promoter fragments that interact with DNA-bindingproteins, to titrate binding activity, to determine the specificity ofbinding, and to determine whether a given DNA-binding activity caninteract with related DNA sequences (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual, 2^(nd) edition. Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989). Electrophoretic mobility-shiftassay is a widely used assay. The assay provides a simple, rapid, andsensitive method for detecting DNA-binding proteins based on theobservation that the mobility of a DNA fragment through a nondenaturing,low-ionic strength polyacrylamide gel is retarded upon association witha DNA-binding protein (Fried and Crother, Nucleic Acids Res. 9:6505-6525(1981), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference). Whenone or more specific binding activities have been identified, the exactsequence of the DNA bound by the protein may be determined. Severalprocedures for characterizing protein/DNA-binding sites are used,including methylation and ethylation interference assays (Maxam andGilbert, Methods Enzymol. 65:499-560 (1980), the entirety of which isherein incorporated by reference; Wissman and Hillen, Methods Enzymol.208:365-379 (1991), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference) and footprinting techniques employing DNase I (Galas andSchmitz, Nucleic Acids Res. 5:3157-3170 (1978), the entirety of which isherein incorporated by reference), 1,10-phenanthroline-copper ionmethods (Sigman et al., Methods Enzymol. 208:365-379 (1991), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference) or hydroxylradical methods (Dixon et al., Methods Enzymol. 208:380-413 (1991), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference). It is understoodthat one or more of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention,preferably one or more of the EST nucleic acid molecules of the presentinvention may be utilized to identify a protein or fragment thereof thatspecifically binds to a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention.It is also understood that one or more of the protein molecules orfragments thereof of the present invention may be utilized to identify anucleic acid molecule that specifically binds to it.

The two-hybrid system is based on the fact that many cellular functionsare carried out by proteins that interact (physically) with one another.Two-hybrid systems have been used to probe the function of new proteins(Chien et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 88:9578-9582 (1991) theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference; Durfee et al.,Genes Dev. 7:555-569 (1993) the entirety of which is herein incorporatedby reference; Choi et al, Cell 78:499-512 (1994), the entirety of whichis herein incorporated by reference; Kranz et al., Genes Dev. 8:313-327(1994), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference).

Interaction mating techniques have facilitated a number of two-hybridstudies of protein-protein interaction. Interaction mating has been usedto examine interactions between small sets of tens of proteins (Finleyand Brent, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 91:12098-12984 (1994), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference), larger sets ofhundreds of proteins, (Bendixen et al, Nucl. Acids Res. 22:1778-1779(1994), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference) andto comprehensively map proteins encoded by a small genome (Bartel et al,Nature Genetics 12:72-77 (1996), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference). This technique utilizes proteins fused tothe DNA-binding domain and proteins fused to the activation domain. Theyare expressed in two different haploid yeast strains of opposite matingtype, and the strains are mated to determine if the two proteinsinteract. Mating occurs when haploid yeast strains come into contact andresult in the fusion of the two haploids into a diploid yeast strain. Aninteraction can be determined by the activation of a two-hybrid reportergene in the diploid strain. The primary advantage of this technique isthat it reduces the number of yeast transformations needed to testindividual interactions. It is understood that the protein-proteininteractions of protein or fragments thereof of the present inventionmay be investigated using the two-hybrid system and that any of thenucleic acid molecules of the present invention that encode suchproteins or fragments thereof may be used to transform yeast in thetwo-hybrid system.

Synechocystis 6803 is a photosynthetic Cyanobacterium capable ofoxygenic photosynthesis as well as heterotrophic growth in the absenceof light. The entire genome has been sequenced, and it is reported tohave a circular genome size of 3.57 Mbp containing 3168 potential openreading frames. Open reading frames (ORFs) were identified based upontheir homology to other reported ORFs and by using ORF identificationcomputer programs. Sixteen hundred potential ORFs were assigned based ontheir homology to previously identified ORFs. Of these 1600 ORFs, 145were identical to reported ORFs (Kaneko et al., DNA Research 3:109-36(1996), herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).

Several prokaryote promoters have been used in Synechocystis to expressheterologous genes including the tac, lac, and lambda phage promoters(Bryant (ed.), The Molecular Biology of Cyanobacteria, Kluwer AcademicPublishers, (1994); Ferino and Chauvat, Gene 84:257-266 (1989), both ofwhich are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety). Severalbacterial origins of replication such as RSF1010 and ACYC are reportedto replicate in Synechocystis (Mermet-Bouvier and Chauvat, CurrentMicrobiology 28:145-148 (1994); Kuhlemeier et al., Mol. Gen. Genet.184:249-254 (1981), both of which are herein incorporated by referencein their entirety).

Synechocystis has been used to study gene regulation by gene replacementthrough homologous recombination or by gene disruption using antibioticresistance markers (Pakrasi et al., EMBO 7:325-332 (1988), hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety). In such gene regulationstudies, double reciprocal homologous regions of the host genomeflanking the gene of interest recombine to stably integrate the gene ofinterest into the genome. The gene of interest can be expressed oncethat gene has been stably integrated into the genome. Biochemicalanalysis can be performed to study the effect of the replaced or deletedgene.

It is understood that the agents of the present invention may beemployed in a Synechocystis system.

Exogenous genetic material may be transferred into a plant cell and theplant cell regenerated into a whole, fertile or sterile plant. Exogenousgenetic material is any genetic material, whether naturally occurring orotherwise, from any source that is capable of being inserted into anyorganism. Such genetic material may be transferred into eithermonocotyledons and dicotyledons including but not limited to the crops,maize and soybean (See specifically, Chistou, Particle Bombardment forGenetic Engineering of Plants, pp 63-69 (maize), pp 50-60 (soybean),Biotechnology Intelligence Unit. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.(1996), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference andgenerally Chistou, Particle Bombardment for Genetic Engineering ofPlants, Biotechnology Intelligence Unit. Academic Press, San Diego,Calif. (1996), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference).

Transfer of a nucleic acid that encodes for a protein can result inoverexpression of that protein in a transformed cell or transgenicplant. One or more of the proteins or fragments thereof encoded bynucleic acid molecules of the present invention may be overexpressed ina transformed cell or transformed plant. Such overexpression may be theresult of transient or stable transfer of the exogenous material.

Exogenous genetic material may be transferred into a plant cell by theuse of a DNA vector or construct designed for such a purpose. Design ofsuch a vector is generally within the skill of the art (See, PlantMolecular Biology: A Laboratory Manual eds. Clark, Springer, New York(1997), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference).

A construct or vector may include a plant promoter to express theprotein or protein fragment of choice. A number of promoters which areactive in plant cells have been described in the literature. Theseinclude the nopaline synthase (NOS) promoter (Ebert et al., Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 84:5745-5749 (1987), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference), the octopine synthase (OCS) promoter (whichare carried on tumor-inducing plasmids of Agrobacterium tumefaciens),the caulimovirus promoters such as the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV)19S promoter (Lawton et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 9:315-324 (1987), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference) and the CAMV 35Spromoter (Odell et al., Nature 313:810-812 (1985), the entirety of whichis herein incorporated by reference), the figwort mosaic virus35S-promoter, the light-inducible promoter from the small subunit ofribulose-1,5-bis-phosphate carboxylase (ssRUBISCO), the Adh promoter(Walker et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 84:6624-6628 (1987), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference), the sucrosesynthase promoter (Yang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.)87:4144-4148 (1990), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference), the R gene complex promoter (Chandler et al., The Plant Cell1:1175-1183 (1989), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference), and the chlorophyll a/b binding protein gene promoter, etc.These promoters have been used to create DNA constructs which have beenexpressed in plants; see, e.g., PCT publication WO 84/02913, hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety.

Promoters which are known or are found to cause transcription of DNA inplant cells can be used in the present invention. Such promoters may beobtained from a variety of sources such as plants and plant viruses. Itis preferred that the particular promoter selected should be capable ofcausing sufficient expression to result in the production of aneffective amount of a protein to cause the desired phenotype. Inaddition to promoters which are known to cause transcription of DNA inplant cells, other promoters may be identified for use in the currentinvention by screening a plant cDNA library for genes which areselectively or preferably expressed in the target tissues or cells.

For the purpose of expression in source tissues of the plant, such asthe leaf, seed, root or stem, it is preferred that the promotersutilized in the present invention have relatively high expression inthese specific tissues. For this purpose, one may choose from a numberof promoters for genes with tissue- or cell-specific or -enhancedexpression. Examples of such promoters reported in the literatureinclude the chloroplast glutamine synthetase GS2 promoter from pea(Edwards et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 87:3459-3463 (1990),herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), the chloroplastfructose-1,6-biphosphatase (FBPase) promoter from wheat (Lloyd et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet. 225:209-216 (1991), herein incorporated by reference inits entirety), the nuclear photosynthetic ST-LS1 promoter from potato(Stockhaus et al., EMBO J. 8:2445-2451 (1989), herein incorporated byreference in its entirety), the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)promoter and the chalcone synthase (CHS) promoter from Arabidopsisthaliana. Also reported to be active in photosynthetically activetissues are the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RbcS) promoterfrom eastern larch (Larix laricina), the promoter for the cab gene,cab6, from pine (Yamamoto et al., Plant Cell Physiol. 35:773-778 (1994),herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), the promoter for theCab-1 gene from wheat (Fejes et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 15:921-932 (1990),herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), the promoter for theCAB-1 gene from spinach (Lubberstedt et al., Plant Physiol. 104:997-1006(1994), herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), the promoterfor the cab1R gene from rice (Luan et al., Plant Cell 4:971-981 (1992),the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference), thepyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) promoter from maize (Matsuokaet al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 90:9586-9590 (1993), hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety), the promoter for the tobaccoLhcb1*2 gene (Cerdan et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 33:245-255. (1997), hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety), the Arabidopsis thalianaSUC2 sucrose-H+ symporter promoter (Truemit et al., Planta. 196:564-570(1995), herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), and thepromoter for the thylacoid membrane proteins from spinach (psad, psaF,psae, PC, FNR, atpC, atpD, cab, rbcS). Other promoters for thechlorophyl a/b-binding proteins may also be utilized in the presentinvention, such as the promoters for LhcB gene and PsbP gene from whitemustard (Sinapis alba; Kretsch et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 28:219-229(1995), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference).

For the purpose of expression in sink tissues of the plant, such as thetuber of the potato plant, the fruit of tomato, or the seed of maize,wheat, rice, and barley, it is preferred that the promoters utilized inthe present invention have relatively high expression in these specifictissues. A number of promoters for genes with tuber-specific or-enhanced expression are known, including the class I patatin promoter(Bevan et al., EMBO J. 8:1899-1906 (1986); Jefferson et al., Plant Mol.Biol. 14:995-1006 (1990), both of which are herein incorporated byreference in its entirety), the promoter for the potato tuber ADPGPPgenes, both the large and small subunits, the sucrose synthase promoter(Salanoubat and Belliard, Gene. 60:47-56 (1987), Salanoubat andBelliard, Gene. 84:181-185 (1989), both of which are incorporated byreference in their entirety), the promoter for the major tuber proteinsincluding the 22 kd protein complexes and proteinase inhibitors(Hannapel, Plant Physiol. 101:703-704 (1993), herein incorporated byreference in its entirety), the promoter for the granule bound starchsynthase gene (GBSS) (Visser et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 17:691-699 (1991),herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), and other class I andII patatins promoters (Koster-Topfer et al., Mol Gen Genet. 219:390-396(1989); Mignery et al., Gene. 62:27-44 (1988), both of which are hereinincorporated by reference in their entirety).

Other promoters can also be used to express a fructose 1,6 bisphosphatealdolase gene in specific tissues, such as seeds or fruits. The promoterfor β-conglycinin (Chen et al., Dev. Genet. 10:112-122 (1989), hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety) or other seed-specificpromoters such as the napin and phaseolin promoters, can be used. Thezeins are a group of storage proteins found in maize endosperm. Genomicclones for zein genes have been isolated (Pedersen et al., Cell29:1015-1026 (1982), herein incorporated by reference in its entirety),and the promoters from these clones, including the 15 kD, 16 kD, 19 kD,22 kD, 27 kD, and gamma genes, could also be used. Other promoters knownto function, for example, in maize, include the promoters for thefollowing genes: waxy, Brittle, Shrunken 2, Branching enzymes I and II,starch synthases, debranching enzymes, oleosins, glutelins, and sucrosesynthases. A particularly preferred promoter for maize endospermexpression is the promoter for the glutelin gene from rice, moreparticularly the Osgt-1 promoter (Zheng et al., Mol. Cell. Biol.13:5829-5842 (1993), herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).Examples of promoters suitable for expression in wheat include thosepromoters for the ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGPP) subunits, thegranule bound and other starch synthases, the branching and debranchingenzymes, the embryogenesis-abundant proteins, the gliadins, and theglutenins. Examples of such promoters in rice include those promotersfor the ADPGPP subunits, the granule bound and other starch synthases,the branching enzymes, the debranching enzymes, sucrose synthases, andthe glutelins. A particularly preferred promoter is the promoter forrice glutelin, Osgt-1. Examples of such promoters for barley includethose for the ADPGPP subunits, the granule bound and other starchsynthases, the branching enzymes, the debranching enzymes, sucrosesynthases, the hordeins, the embryo globulins, and the aleurone specificproteins.

Root specific promoters may also be used. An example of such a promoteris the promoter for the acid chitinase gene (Samac et al., Plant Mol.Biol. 25:587-596 (1994), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference). Expression in root tissue could also be accomplished byutilizing the root specific subdomains of the CaMV35S promoter that havebeen identified (Lam et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.)86:7890-7894 (1989), herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).Other root cell specific promoters include those reported by Conkling etal. (Conkling et al., Plant Physiol. 93:1203-1211 (1990), the entiretyof which is herein incorporated by reference).

Additional promoters that may be utilized are described, for example, inU.S. Pat. Nos. 5,378,619, 5,391,725, 5,428,147, 5,447,858, 5,608,144,5,608,144, 5,614,399, 5,633,441, 5,633,435, and 4,633,436, all of whichare herein incorporated in their entirety. In addition, a tissuespecific enhancer may be used (Fromm et al., The Plant Cell 1:977-984(1989), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference).

Constructs or vectors may also include, with the coding region ofinterest, a nucleic acid sequence that acts, in whole or in part, toterminate transcription of that region. For example, such sequences havebeen isolated including the Tr7 3′ sequence and the nos 3′ sequence(Ingelbrecht et al., The Plant Cell 1:671-680 (1989), the entirety ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference; Bevan et al., Nucleic AcidsRes. 11:369-385 (1983), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference), or the like.

A vector or construct may also include regulatory elements. Examples ofsuch include the Adh intron 1 (Callis et al., Genes and Develop.1:1183-1200 (1987), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference), the sucrose synthase intron (Vasil et al., Plant Physiol.91:1575-1579 (1989), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference) and the TMV omega element (Gallie et al., The Plant Cell1:301-311 (1989), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference). These and other regulatory elements may be included whenappropriate.

A vector or construct may also include a selectable marker. Selectablemarkers may also be used to select for plants or plant cells thatcontain the exogenous genetic material. Examples of such include, butare not limited to, a neo gene (Potrykus et al., Mol. Gen. Genet.199:183-188 (1985), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference) which codes for kanamycin resistance and can be selected forusing kanamycin, G418, etc.; a bar gene which codes for bialaphosresistance; a mutant EPSP synthase gene (Hinchee et al., Bio/Technology6:915-922 (1988), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference) which encodes glyphosate resistance; a nitrilase gene whichconfers resistance to bromoxynil (Stalker et al., J. Biol. Chem.263:6310-6314 (1988), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference); a mutant acetolactate synthase gene (ALS) which confersimidazolinone or sulphonylurea resistance (European Patent Application154,204 (Sep. 11, 1985), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference); and a methotrexate resistant DHFR gene (Thillet et al., J.Biol. Chem. 263:12500-12508 (1988), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference).

A vector or construct may also include a transit peptide. Incorporationof a suitable chloroplast transit peptide may also be employed (EuropeanPatent Application Publication Number 0218571, the entirety of which isherein incorporated by reference). Translational enhancers may also beincorporated as part of the vector DNA. DNA constructs could contain oneor more 5′ non-translated leader sequences which may serve to enhanceexpression of the gene products from the resulting mRNA transcripts.Such sequences may be derived from the promoter selected to express thegene or can be specifically modified to increase translation of themRNA. Such regions may also be obtained from viral RNAs, from suitableeukaryotic genes, or from a synthetic gene sequence. For a review ofoptimizing expression of transgenes, see Koziel et al., Plant Mol. Biol.32:393-405 (1996), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference.

A vector or construct may also include a screenable marker. Screenablemarkers may be used to monitor expression. Exemplary screenable markersinclude a β-glucuronidase or uidA gene (GUS) which encodes an enzyme forwhich various chromogenic substrates are known (Jefferson, Plant Mol.Biol, Rep. 5:387-405 (1987), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference; Jefferson et al., EMBO J. 6:3901-3907 (1987),the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference); an R-locusgene, which encodes a product that regulates the production ofanthocyanin pigments (red color) in plant tissues ((Dellaporta et al.,Stadler Symposium 11:263-282 (1988), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference); a β-lactamase gene (Sutcliffe et al., Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 75:3737-3741 (1978), the entirety of which isherein incorporated by reference), a gene which encodes an enzyme forwhich various chromogenic substrates are known (e.g., PADAC, achromogenic cephalosporin); a luciferase gene (Ow et al., Science234:856-859 (1986), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference) a xylE gene (Zukowsky et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.)80:1101-1105 (1983), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference) which encodes a catechol dioxygenase that can convertchromogenic catechols; an α-amylase gene (Ikatu et al., Bio/Technol.8:241-242 (1990), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference); a tyrosinase gene (Katz et al., J. Gen. Microbiol.129:2703-2714 (1983), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference) which encodes an enzyme capable of oxidizing tyrosine to DOPAand dopaquinone which in turn condenses to melanin; an α-galactosidase,which will turn a chromogenic α-galactose substrate.

Included within the terms “selectable or screenable marker genes” arealso genes which encode a scriptable marker whose secretion can bedetected as a means of identifying or selecting for transformed cells.Examples include markers which encode a secretable antigen that can beidentified by antibody interaction, or even secretable enzymes which canbe detected catalytically. Secretable proteins fall into a number ofclasses, including small, diffusible proteins detectable, e.g., byELISA, small active enzymes detectable in extracellular solution (e.g.,α-amylase, β-lactamase, phosphinothricin transferase), or proteins whichare inserted or trapped in the cell wall (such as proteins which includea leader sequence such as that found in the expression unit of extensionor tobacco PR-S). Other possible selectable and/or screenable markergenes will be apparent to those of skill in the art.

Methods and compositions for transforming a bacteria and othermicroorganisms are known in the art (see for example Sambrook et al.,Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold SpringHarbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., (1989), the entiretyof which is herein incorporated by reference).

There are many methods for introducing transforming nucleic acidmolecules into plant cells. Suitable methods are believed to includevirtually any method by which nucleic acid molecules may be introducedinto a cell, such as by Agrobacterium infection or direct delivery ofnucleic acid molecules such as, for example, by PEG-mediatedtransformation, by electroporation or by acceleration of DNA coatedparticles, etc. (Pottykus, Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol.42:205-225 (1991), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference; Vasil, Plant Mol. Biol. 25:925-937 (1994), the entirety ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference. For example, electroporationhas been used to transform maize protoplasts (Fromm et al., Nature312:791-793 (1986), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference).

Other vector systems suitable for introducing transforming DNA into ahost plant cell includes but is not limited to binary artificialchromosome (BIBAC) vectors (Hamilton et al., Gene 200:107-116, (1997),the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference, andtransfection with RNA viral vectors (Della-Cioppa et al., Ann. N.Y.Acad. Sci. (1996), 792 (Engineering Plants for Commercial Products andApplications), 57-61, the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference.

Technology for introduction of DNA into cells is well known to those ofskill in the art. Four general methods for delivering a gene into cellshave been described: (1) chemical methods (Graham and van der Eb,Virology, 54:536-539 (1973), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference); (2) physical methods such as microinjection(Capecchi, Cell 22:479-488 (1980), electroporation (Wong and Neumann,Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 107:584-587 (1982); Fromm et al., Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82:5824-5828 (1985); U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,253; andthe gene gun (Johnston and Tang, Methods Cell Biol. 43:353-365 (1994),all of which the entirety is herein incorporated by reference; (3) viralvectors (Clapp, Clin. Perinatol., 20:155-168 (1993); Lu et al., J. Exp.Med., 178:2089-2096 (1993); Eglitis and Anderson, Biotechniques,6:608-614 (1988), all of which the entirety is herein incorporated byreference); and (4) receptor-mediated mechanisms (Curiel et al., Hum.Gen. Ther., 3:147-154 (1992); Wagner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,89:6099-6103 (1992), all of which the entirety is herein incorporated byreference).

Acceleration methods that may be used include, for example,microprojectile bombardment and the like. One example of a method fordelivering transforming nucleic acid molecules to plant cells ismicroprojectile bombardment. This method has been reviewed by Yang andChristou, eds., Particle Bombardment Technology for Gene Transfer,Oxford Press, Oxford, England (1994), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference). Non-biological particles (microprojectiles)that may be coated with nucleic acids and delivered into cells by apropelling force. Exemplary particles include those comprised oftungsten, gold, platinum, and the like.

A particular advantage of microprojectile bombardment, in addition to itbeing an effective means of reproducibly, and stably transformingmonocotyledons, is that neither the isolation of protoplasts (Cristou etal., Plant Physiol. 87:671-674 (1988), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference) nor the susceptibility of Agrobacteriuminfection is required. An illustrative embodiment of a method fordelivering DNA into maize cells by acceleration is a biolisticsg-particle delivery system, which can be used to propel particles coatedwith DNA through a screen, such as a stainless steel or Nytex screen,onto a filter surface covered with corn cells cultured in suspension.Gordon-Kamm et al., describes the basic procedure for coating tungstenparticles with DNA (Gordon-Kamm et al., Plant Cell 2:603-618 (1990), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference). The screendisperses the tungsten nucleic acid particles so that they are notdelivered to the recipient cells in large aggregates. A particledelivery system suitable for use with the present invention is thehelium acceleration PDS-1000/He gun which is available from Bio-RadLaboratories (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.)(Sanford et al., Technique3:3-16 (1991), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference).

For the bombardment, cells in suspension may be concentrated on filters.Filters containing the cells to be bombarded are positioned at anappropriate distance below the microprojectile stopping plate. Ifdesired, one or more screens are also positioned between the gun and thecells to be bombarded.

Alternatively, immature embryos or other target cells may be arranged onsolid culture medium. The cells to be bombarded are positioned at anappropriate distance below the macroprojectile stopping plate. Ifdesired, one or more screens are also positioned between theacceleration device and the cells to be bombarded. Through the use oftechniques set forth herein one may obtain up to 1000 or more foci ofcells transiently expressing a marker gene. The number of cells in afocus which express the exogenous gene product 48 hours post-bombardmentoften range from one to ten and average one to three.

In bombardment transformation, one may optimize the prebombardmentculturing conditions and the bombardment parameters to yield the maximumnumbers of stable transformants. Both the physical and biologicalparameters for bombardment are important in this technology. Physicalfactors are those that involve manipulating the DNA/microprojectileprecipitate or those that affect the flight and velocity of either themacro- or microprojectiles. Biological factors include all stepsinvolved in manipulation of cells before and immediately afterbombardment, the osmotic adjustment of target cells to help alleviatethe trauma associated with bombardment, and also the nature of thetransforming DNA, such as linearized DNA or intact supercoiled plasmids.It is believed that pre-bombardment manipulations are especiallyimportant for successful transformation of immature embryos. In anotheralternative embodiment, plastids can be stably transformed. Methodsdisclosed for plastid transformation in higher plants include theparticle gun delivery of DNA containing a selectable marker andtargeting of the DNA to the plastid genome through homologousrecombination (Svab et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 87:8526-8530(1990); Svab and Maliga, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 90:913-917(1993); Staub and Maliga, EMBO J. 12:601-606 (1993); U.S. Pat. Nos.5,451,513 and 5,545,818, all of which are herein incorporated byreference in their entirety).

Accordingly, it is contemplated that one may wish to adjust variousaspects of the bombardment parameters in small scale studies to fullyoptimize the conditions. One may particularly wish to adjust physicalparameters such as gap distance, flight distance, tissue distance, andhelium pressure. One may also minimize the trauma reduction factors bymodifying conditions which influence the physiological state of therecipient cells and which may therefore influence transformation andintegration efficiencies. For example, the osmotic state, tissuehydration and the subculture stage or cell cycle of the recipient cellsmay be adjusted for optimum transformation. The execution of otherroutine adjustments will be known to those of skill in the art in lightof the present disclosure.

Agrobacterium-mediated transfer is a widely applicable system forintroducing genes into plant cells because the DNA can be introducedinto whole plant tissues, thereby bypassing the need for regeneration ofan intact plant from a protoplast. The use of Agrobacterium-mediatedplant integrating vectors to introduce DNA into plant cells is wellknown in the art. See, for example the methods described (Fraley et al.,Biotechnology 3:629-635 (1985); Rogers et al., Meth. In Enzymol,153:253-277 (1987), both of which are herein incorporated by referencein their entirety. Further, the integration of the Ti-DNA is arelatively precise process resulting in few rearrangements. The regionof DNA to be transferred is defined by the border sequences, andintervening DNA is usually inserted into the plant genome as described(Spielmann et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 205:34 (1986), the entirety ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference).

Modern Agrobacterium transformation vectors are capable of replicationin E. coli as well as Agrobacterium, allowing for convenientmanipulations as described (Klee et al., In: Plant DNA InfectiousAgents, T. Hohn and J. Schell, eds., Springer-Verlag, New York, pp.179-203 (1985), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference. Moreover, recent technological advances in vectors forAgrobacterium-mediated gene transfer have improved the arrangement ofgenes and restriction sites in the vectors to facilitate construction ofvectors capable of expressing various polypeptide coding genes. Thevectors described have convenient multi-linker regions flanked by apromoter and a polyadenylation site for direct expression of insertedpolypeptide coding genes and are suitable for present purposes (Rogerset al., Meth. In Enzymol., 153:253-277 (1987), the entirety of which isherein incorporated by reference). In addition, Agrobacterium containingboth armed and disarmed Ti genes can be used for the transformations. Inthose plant strains where Agrobacterium-mediated transformation isefficient, it is the method of choice because of the facile and definednature of the gene transfer.

A transgenic plant formed using Agrobacterium transformation methodstypically contains a single gene on one chromosome. Such transgenicplants can be referred to as being heterozygous for the added gene. Morepreferred is a transgenic plant that is homozygous for the addedstructural gene; i.e., a transgenic plant that contains two added genes,one gene at the same locus on each chromosome of a chromosome pair. Ahomozygous transgenic plant can be obtained by sexually mating (selfing)an independent segregant transgenic plant that contains a single addedgene, germinating some of the seed produced and analyzing the resultingplants produced for the gene of interest.

It is also to be understood that two different transgenic plants canalso be mated to produce offspring that contain two independentlysegregating added, exogenous genes. Selfing of appropriate progeny canproduce plants that are homozygous for both added, exogenous genes thatencode a polypeptide of interest. Back-crossing to a parental plant andout-crossing with a non-transgenic plant are also contemplated, as isvegetative propagation.

Transformation of plant protoplasts can be achieved using methods basedon calcium phosphate precipitation, polyethylene glycol treatment,electroporation, and combinations of these treatments. See for example(Potrykus et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 205:193-200 (1986); Lorz et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet., 199:178 (1985); Fromm et al., Nature, 319:791 (1986);Uchimiya et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 204:204 (1986); Callis et al., Genesand Development, 1183 (1987); Marcotte et al., Nature, 335:454 (1988),all of which the entirety is herein incorporated by reference).

Application of these systems to different plant strains depends upon theability to regenerate that particular plant strain from protoplasts.Illustrative methods for the regeneration of cereals from protoplastsare described (Fujimura et al., Plant Tissue Culture Letters, 2:74(1985); Toriyama et al., TheorAppl. Genet. 205:34 (1986); Yamada et al.,Plant Cell Rep., 4:85 (1986); Abdullah et al., Biotechnology, 4:1087(1986), all of which the entirety is herein incorporated by reference).

To transform plant strains that cannot be successfully regenerated fromprotoplasts, other ways to introduce DNA into intact cells or tissuescan be utilized. For example, regeneration of cereals from immatureembryos or explants can be effected as described (Vasil, Biotechnology,6:397 (1988), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference). In addition, “particle gun” or high-velocity microprojectiletechnology can be utilized (Vasil et al., Bio/Technology, 10:667 (1992),the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference).

Using the latter technology, DNA is carried through the cell wall andinto the cytoplasm on the surface of small metal particles as described(Klein et al., Nature, 328:70 (1987); Klein et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA, 85:8502-8505 (1988); McCabe et al., Biotechnology, 6:923(1988), all of which the entirety is herein incorporated by reference).The metal particles penetrate through several layers of cells and thusallow the transformation of cells within tissue explants.

Other methods of cell transformation can also be used and include butare not limited to introduction of DNA into plants by direct DNAtransfer into pollen (Zhou et al., Methods in Enzymology, 101:433(1983); Hess et al., Intern Rev. Cytol., 107:36 (1987); Luo et al.,Plant Mol. Biol. Reporter, 6:165 (1988), all of which the entirety isherein incorporated by reference), by direct injection of DNA intoreproductive organs of a plant (Pena et al., Nature, 325:274 (1987), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference), or by directinjection of DNA into the cells of immature embryos followed by therehydration of desiccated embryos (Neuhaus et al., Theor. Appl. Genet.,75:30 (1987), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference).

The regeneration, development, and cultivation of plants from singleplant protoplast transformants or from various transformed explants iswell known in the art (Weissbach and Weissbach, In: Methods for PlantMolecular Biology, (Eds.), Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif.(1988), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference). Thisregeneration and growth process typically includes the steps ofselection of transformed cells, culturing those individualized cellsthrough the usual stages of embryonic development through the rootedplantlet stage. Transgenic embryos and seeds are similarly regenerated.The resulting transgenic rooted shoots are thereafter planted in anappropriate plant growth medium such as soil.

The development or regeneration of plants containing the foreign,exogenous gene that encodes a protein of interest is well known in theart. Preferably, the regenerated plants are self-pollinated to providehomozygous transgenic plants, as discussed before. Otherwise, pollenobtained from the regenerated plants is crossed to seed-grown plants ofagronomically important lines. Conversely, pollen from plants of theseimportant lines is used to pollinate regenerated plants. A transgenicplant of the present invention containing a desired polypeptide iscultivated using methods well known to one skilled in the art.

There are a variety of methods for the regeneration of plants from planttissue. The particular method of regeneration will depend on thestarting plant tissue and the particular plant species to beregenerated.

Methods for transforming dicots, primarily by use of Agrobacteriumtumefaciens, and obtaining transgenic plants have been published forcotton (U.S. Pat. No. 5,004,863, U.S. Pat. No. 5,159,135, U.S. Pat. No.5,518,908, all of which the entirety is herein incorporated byreference); soybean (U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,834, U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,011,McCabe et al., Biotechnology 6:923 (1988), Christou et al., PlantPhysiol., 87:671-674 (1988), all of which the entirety is hereinincorporated by reference); Brassica (U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,174, theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference); peanut (Cheng etal., Plant Cell Rep. 15:653-657 (1996), McKently et al., Plant Cell Rep.14:699-703 (1995), all of which the entirety is herein incorporated byreference); papaya (Yang et al. (1996), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference); pea (Grant et al., Plant Cell Rep.15:254-258 (1995), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference).

Transformation of monocotyledons using electroporation, particlebombardment, and Agrobacterium have also been reported. Transformationand plant regeneration have been achieved in asparagus (Bytebier et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:5345 (1987), the entirety of which isherein incorporated by reference); barley (Wan and Lemaux, Plant Physiol104:37 (1994), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference); maize (Rhodes et al., Science 240: 204 (1988), Gordon-Kammet al., Plant Cell, 2:603 (1990), Fromm et al., Bio/Technology 8:833(1990), Koziel et al., Bio/Technology 11:194 (1993), Armstrong et al.,Crop Science 35:550-557 (1995), all of which the entirety is hereinincorporated by reference); oat (Somers et al., Bio/Technology, 10:1589(1992), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference);orchardgrass (Horn et al., Plant Cell Rep. 7:469 (1988), the entirety ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference); rice (Toriyama et al.,TheorAppl. Genet. 205:34 (1986); Park et al., Plant Mol. Biol.,32:1135-1148 (1996); Abedinia et al., Aust. J. Plant Physiol 24:133-141,(1997); Zhang and Wu, Theor. Appl. Genet. 76:835 (1988); Zhang et al.Plant Cell Rep. 7:379 (1988); Battraw and Hall, Plant Sci. 86:191-202(1992); Christou et al., Bio/Technology 9:957 (1991), all of which theentirety is herein incorporated by reference); sugarcane (Bower andBirch, Plant J. 2:409 (1992), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference); tall fescue (Wang et al., Bio/Technology10:691 (1992), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference), and wheat (Vasil et al., Bio/Technology 10:667 (1992), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference; U.S. Pat. No.5,631,152, the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Assays for gene expression based on the transient expression of clonednucleic acid constructs have been developed by introducing the nucleicacid molecules into plant cells by polyethylene glycol treatment,electroporation, or particle bombardment (Marcotte, et al., Nature,335:454-457 (1988), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference; Marcotte, et al., Plant Cell, 1:523-532 (1989), the entiretyof which is herein incorporated by reference; McCarty et al., Cell66:895-905 (1991), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference; Hattori, et al., Genes Dev. 6:609-618 (1992), the entirety ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference; Goff et al., EMBO J.9:2517-2522 (1990), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference). Transient expression systems may be used to functionallydissect gene constructs (See generally, Mailga et al., Methods in PlantMolecular Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1995)).

Any of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention may beintroduced into a plant cell in a permanent or transient manner incombination with other genetic elements such as vectors, promotersenhancers etc. Further any of the nucleic acid molecules of the presentinvention may be introduced into a plant cell in a manner that allowsfor over expression of the protein or fragment thereof encoded by thenucleic acid molecule.

Cosuppression is the reduction in expression levels, usually at thelevel of RNA, of a particular endogenous gene or gene family by theexpression of a homologous sense construct that is capable oftranscribing mRNA of the same strandedness as the transcript of theendogenous gene (Napoli et al., Plant Cell 2:279-289 (1990), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference; van der Krol etal., Plant Cell 2:291-299 (1990), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference). Cosuppression may result from stabletransformation with a single copy nucleic acid molecule that ishomologous to a nucleic acid sequence found with the cell (Prolls andMeyer, Plant J. 2:465-475 (1992), the entirety of which is hereinincorporated by reference) or with multiple copies of a nucleic acidmolecule that is homologous to a nucleic acid sequence found with thecell (Mittlesten et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 244:325-330 (1994), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference). Genes, eventhough different, linked to homologous promoters may result in thecosuppression of the linked genes (Vaucheret, C. R. Acad. Sci. III316:1471-1483 (1993), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference).

This technique has, for example been applied to generate white flowersfrom red petunia and tomatoes that do not ripen on the vine. Up to 50%of petunia transformants that contained a sense copy of the chalconesynthase (CHS) gene produced white flowers or floral sectors; this wasas a result of the post-transcriptional loss of mRNA encoding CHS(Flavell, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 91:3490-3496 (1994)), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference). Cosuppressionmay require the coordinate transcription of the transgene and theendogenous gene, and can be reset by a developmental control mechanism(Jorgensen, Trends Biotechnol, 8:340344 (1990), the entirety of which isherein incorporated by reference; Meins and Kunz, In: Gene Inactivationand Homologous Recombination in Plants (Paszkowski, J., ed.), pp.335-348, Kluwer Academic, Netherlands (1994), the entirety of which isherein incorporated by reference).

It is understood that one or more of the nucleic acids of the presentinvention including those comprising SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO:83523or complement thereof or fragments of either or other nucleic acidmolecules of the present invention may be introduced into a plant celland transcribed using an appropriate promoter with such transcriptionresulting in the co-suppression of an endogenous protein.

Antisense approaches are a way of preventing or reducing gene functionby targeting the genetic material (Mol et al., FEBS Lett. 268:427-430(1990), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference). Theobjective of the antisense approach is to use a sequence complementaryto the target gene to block its expression and create a mutant cell lineor organism in which the level of a single chosen protein is selectivelyreduced or abolished. Antisense techniques have several advantages overother ‘reverse genetic’ approaches. The site of inactivation and itsdevelopmental effect can be manipulated by the choice of promoter forantisense genes or by the timing of external application ormicroinjection. Antisense can manipulate its specificity by selectingeither unique regions of the target gene or regions where it shareshomology to other related genes (Hiatt et al., In Genetic Engineering,Setlow (ed.), Vol. 11, New York: Plenum 49-63 (1989), the entirety ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference).

The principle of regulation by antisense RNA is that RNA that iscomplementary to the target mRNA is introduced into cells, resulting inspecific RNA:RNA duplexes being formed by base pairing between theantisense substrate and the target mRNA (Green et al., Annu. Rev.Biochem. 55:569-597 (1986), the entirety of which is herein incorporatedby reference). Under one embodiment, the process involves theintroduction and expression of an antisense gene sequence. Such asequence is one in which part or all of the normal gene sequences areplaced under a promoter in inverted orientation so that the ‘wrong’ orcomplementary strand is transcribed into a noncoding antisense RNA thathybridizes with the target mRNA and interferes with its expression(Takayama and Inouye, Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 25:155-184 (1990),the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference). An antisensevector is constructed by standard procedures and introduced into cellsby transformation, transfection, electroporation, microinjection, or byinfection, etc. The type of transformation and choice of vector willdetermine whether expression is transient or stable. The promoter usedfor the antisense gene may influence the level, timing, tissue,specificity, or inducibility of the antisense inhibition.

It is understood that protein synthesis activity in a plant cell may bereduced or depressed by growing a transformed plant cell containing anucleic acid molecule whose non-transcribed strand encodes a protein orfragment thereof.

Antibodies have been expressed in plants (Hiatt et al., Nature 342:76-78(1989), the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference;Conrad and Fielder, Plant Mol. Biol. 26:1023-1030 (1994), the entiretyof which is herein incorporated by reference). Cytoplasmic expression ofa scFv (single-chain Fv antibodies) has been reported to delay infectionby artichoke mottled crinkle virus. Transgenic plants that expressantibodies directed against endogenous proteins may exhibit aphysiological effect (Philips et al., EMBO J. 16:4489-4496 (1997), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference; Marion-Poll,Trends in Plant Science 2:447-448 (1997), the entirety of which isherein incorporated by reference). For example, expressed anti-abscisicantibodies reportedly result in a general perturbation of seeddevelopment (Philips et al, EMBO J. 16:4489-4496 (1997)).

Antibodies that are catalytic may also be expressed in plants (abzymes).The principle behind abzymes is that since antibodies may be raisedagainst many molecules, this recognition ability can be directed towardgenerating antibodies that bind transition states to force a chemicalreaction forward (Persidas, Nature Biotechnology 15:1313-1315 (1997),the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference; Baca et al.,Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 26:461-493 (1997), the entirety ofwhich is herein incorporated by reference). The catalytic abilities ofabzymes may be enhanced by site directed mutagenesis. Examples ofabzymes are, for example, set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,753; U.S.Pat. No. 5,632,990; U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,137; U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,015;U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,538; U.S. Pat. No. 5,576,174; U.S. Pat. No.5,500,358; U.S. Pat. No. 5,318,897; U.S. Pat. No. 5,298,409; U.S. Pat.No. 5,258,289 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,585, all of which are hereinincorporated in their entirety.

It is understood that any of the antibodies of the present invention maybe expressed in plants and that such expression can result in aphysiological effect. It is also understood that any of the expressedantibodies may be catalytic.

In addition to the above discussed procedures, practitioners arefamiliar with the standard resource materials which describe specificconditions and procedures for the construction, manipulation andisolation of macromolecules (e.g., DNA molecules, plasmids, etc.),generation of recombinant organisms and the screening and isolating ofclones, (see for example, Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: ALaboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989); Mailga et al.,Methods in Plant Molecular Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1995), theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference; Birren et al.,Genome Analysis: Analyzing DNA, 1, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., theentirety of which is herein incorporated by reference).

The nucleotide sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 1, through SEQ IDNO:83523 or fragment thereof, or complement thereof, or a nucleotidesequence at least 90% identical, preferably 95%, identical even morepreferably 99% or 100% identical to the sequence provided in SEQ ID NO:1through SEQ ID NO:83523 or fragment thereof, or complement thereof, canbe “provided” in a variety of mediums to facilitate use fragmentthereof. Such a medium can also provide a subset thereof in a form thatallows a skilled artisan to examine the sequences.

In one application of this embodiment, a nucleotide sequence of thepresent invention can be recorded on computer readable media. As usedherein, “computer readable media” refers to any medium that can be readand accessed directly by a computer. Such media include, but are notlimited to: magnetic storage media, such as floppy discs, hard disc,storage medium, and magnetic tape: optical storage media such as CD-ROM;electrical storage media such as RAM and ROM; and hybrids of thesecategories such as magnetic/optical storage media. A skilled artisan canreadily appreciate how any of the presently known computer readablemediums can be used to create a manufacture comprising computer readablemedium having recorded thereon a nucleotide sequence of the presentinvention.

As used herein, “recorded” refers to a process for storing informationon computer readable medium. A skilled artisan can readily adopt any ofthe presently known methods for recording information on computerreadable medium to generate media comprising the nucleotide sequenceinformation of the present invention. A variety of data storagestructures are available to a skilled artisan for creating a computerreadable medium having recorded thereon a nucleotide sequence of thepresent invention. The choice of the data storage structure willgenerally be based on the means chosen to access the stored information.In addition, a variety of data processor programs and formats can beused to store the nucleotide sequence information of the presentinvention on computer readable medium. The sequence information can berepresented in a word processing text file, formatted incommercially-available software such as WordPerfect and Microsoft Word,or represented in the form of an ASCII file, stored in a databaseapplication, such as DB2, Sybase, Oracle, or the like. A skilled artisancan readily adapt any number of data processor structuring formats(e.g., text file or database) in order to obtain computer readablemedium having recorded thereon the nucleotide sequence information ofthe present invention.

By providing one or more of nucleotide sequences of the presentinvention, a skilled artisan can routinely access the sequenceinformation for a variety of purposes. Computer software is publiclyavailable which allows a skilled artisan to access sequence informationprovided in a computer readable medium. The examples which followdemonstrate how software which implements the BLAST (Altschul et al., J.Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1990)) and BLAZE (Brutlag et al., Comp. Chem.17:203-207 (1993), the entirety of which is herein incorporated byreference) search algorithms on a Sybase system can be used to identifyopen reading frames (ORFs) within the genome that contain homology toORFs or proteins from other organisms. Such ORFs are protein-encodingfragments within the sequences of the present invention and are usefulin producing commercially important proteins such as enzymes used inamino acid biosynthesis, metabolism, transcription, translation, RNAprocessing, nucleic acid and a protein degradation, proteinmodification, and DNA replication, restriction, modification,recombination, and repair.

The present invention further provides systems, particularlycomputer-based systems, which contain the sequence information describedherein. Such systems are designed to identify commercially importantfragments of the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention. As usedherein, “a computer-based system” refers to the hardware means, softwaremeans, and data storage means used to analyze the nucleotide sequenceinformation of the present invention. The minimum hardware means of thecomputer-based systems of the present invention comprises a centralprocessing unit (CPU), input means, output means, and data storagemeans. A skilled artisan can readily appreciate that any one of thecurrently available computer-based system are suitable for use in thepresent invention.

As indicated above, the computer-based systems of the present inventioncomprise a data storage means having stored therein a nucleotidesequence of the present invention and the necessary hardware means andsoftware means for supporting and implementing a search means. As usedherein, “data storage means” refers to memory that can store nucleotidesequence information of the present invention, or a memory access meanswhich can access manufactures having recorded thereon the nucleotidesequence information of the present invention. As used herein, “searchmeans” refers to one or more programs which are implemented on thecomputer-based system to compare a target sequence or target structuralmotif with the sequence information stored within the data storagemeans. Search means are used to identify fragments or regions of thesequence of the present invention that match a particular targetsequence or target motif. A variety of known algorithms are disclosedpublicly and a variety of commercially available software for conductingsearch means are available and can be used in the computer-based systemsof the present invention. Examples of such software include, but are notlimited to, MacPattern (EMBL), BLASTIN and BLASTIX (NCBIA). One of theavailable algorithms or implementing software packages for conductinghomology searches can be adapted for use in the present computer-basedsystems.

The most preferred sequence length of a target sequence is from about 10to 100 amino acids or from about 30 to 300 nucleotide residues. However,it is well recognized that during searches for commercially importantfragments of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention, suchas sequence fragments involved in gene expression and proteinprocessing, may be of shorter length.

As used herein, “a target structural motif,” or “target motif,” refersto any rationally selected sequence or combination of sequences in whichthe sequences or sequence(s) are chosen based on a three-dimensionalconfiguration which is formed upon the folding of the target motif.There are a variety of target motifs known in the art. Protein targetmotifs include, but are not limited to, enzymatic active sites andsignal sequences. Nucleic acid target motifs include, but are notlimited to, promoter sequences, cis elements, hairpin structures andinducible expression elements (protein binding sequences).

Thus, the present invention further provides an input means forreceiving a target sequence, a data storage means for storing the targetsequences of the present invention sequence identified using a searchmeans as described above, and an output means for outputting theidentified homologous sequences. A variety of structural formats for theinput and output means can be used to input and output information inthe computer-based systems of the present invention. A preferred formatfor an output means ranks fragments of the sequence of the presentinvention by varying degrees of homology to the target sequence ortarget motif. Such presentation provides a skilled artisan with aranking of sequences which contain various amounts of the targetsequence or target motif and identifies the degree of homology containedin the identified fragment.

A variety of comparing means can be used to compare a target sequence ortarget motif with the data storage means to identify sequence fragmentssequence of the present invention. For example, implementing softwarewhich implement the BLAST and BLAZE algorithms (Altschul et al., J. Mol.Biol. 215:403-410 (1990)) can be used to identify open frames within thenucleic acid molecules of the present invention. A skilled artisan canreadily recognize that any one of the publicly available homology searchprograms can be used as the search means for the computer-based systemsof the present invention. Having now generally described the invention,the same will be more readily understood through reference to thefollowing examples which are provided by way of illustration, and arenot intended to be limiting of the present invention, unless specified.

Example 1

The CMz030 (Lib143) cDNA library is generated from maize (DK604, DekalbGenetics, Dekalb, Ill. U.S.A.) heat shocked seedling tissue two dayspost germination. Seeds are planted on a moist filter paper on a coveredtry that is keep in the dark until germination. The trays are then movedto the bench top at 15 hr daytime/9 hr nighttime cycles for 2 dayspost-germination. The day time temperature is 80° F. and the nighttimetemperature is 70° F. Tissue is collected when the seedlings are 2 daysold. At this stage, the colehrhiza has pushed through the seed coat andthe primary root (the radical) is just piercing the colehrhiza and isbarely visible. The seedlings are placed at 42° C. for 1 hour. Followingthe heat shock treatment, the seedlings are immersed in liquid nitrogenand crushed. The harvested tissue is stored at −80° until RNApreparation. The RNA is purified from the stored tissue and the cDNAlibrary is constructed as described in Example 2. SEQ ID NO: 1 throughSEQ ID NO: 5544 are from LIB143.

The CMzO31 (Lib148) cDNA library is generated from maize (DK604, DekalbGenetics, Dekalb, Ill. U.S.A.) pollen tissue at the V10+ plantdevelopment stage. Seeds are planted at a depth of approximately 3 cminto 2-3 inch peat pots containing Metro 200 growing medium. After 2-3weeks growth they are transplanted into 10 inch pots containing the samegrowing medium. Plants are watered daily before transplantation andthree times a week after transplantation. Peters 15-16-17 fertilizer isapplied three times per week after transplanting at a strength of 150ppm N. Two to three times during the lifetime of the plant, fromtransplanting to flowering, a total of 900 mg Fe is added to each pot.Maize plants are grown in a greenhouse in 15 hr day/9 hr night cycles.The daytime temperature is approximately 80° F. and the nighttimetemperature is approximately 70° F. Supplemental lighting is provided by1000 W sodium vapor lamps. Tissue is collected from V10+stage plants.The ear shoots, which are ready for fertilization, are enclosed in apaper bag to withhold pollen. Twenty-one days after pollination, priorto removing the ears, the paper bag is shaken to collect the maturepollen. The mature pollen is immediately frozen in liquid nitrogencontainers and the pollen is crushed. The harvested tissue is thenstored at −80° C. until RNA preparation. The RNA is purified from thestored tissue and the cDNA library is constructed as described inExample 2. SEQ ID NO: 5545 through SEQ ID NO: 16803 are from LIB148.

The CMzO33 (Lib189) cDNA library is generated from maize (RX601, AsgrowSeed Company, Des Moines, Iowa U.S.A.) pooled leaf tissue harvested fromfield grown plants at Asgrow research stations. Leaves are harvested atanthesis from open pollinated plants in a field (multiple row) setting.The ear leaves from 10-12 plants are harvested, pooled, frozen in liquidnitrogen and then frozen at −80° C. where they are stored until RNApreparation. The RNA is purified from the stored tissue and the cDNAlibrary is constructed as described in Example 2. SEQ ID NO: 16804through SEQ ID NO: 29109 are from LIB189.

The CMz037 (Lib3059) cDNA library is generated from maize (RX601, AsgrowSeed Company, Des Moines, Iowa U.S.A.) pooled kernels from plants at12-15 days after pollination. Sample are collected from field grownmaterial. Whole kernels from hand pollinated (control pollination) areharvested as whole ears and immediately frozen on dry ice. Kernels from10-12 ears are pooled and ground together in liquid nitrogen. Theharvested tissue is then stored at −80° C. until RNA preparation. TheRNA is purified from the stored tissue and the cDNA library isconstructed as described in Example 2. SEQ ID NO: 29110 through SEQ IDNO: 34509 are from LIB3059.

The CMz034 (Lib3060) cDNA library is generated from maize (DK604, DekalbGenetics, Dekalb, Ill. U.S.A.) senescing leaves from plants at 40 daysafter pollination. Seeds are planted at a depth of approximately 3 cminto 2-3 inch peat pots containing Metro 200 growing medium. After 2-3weeks growth they are transplanted into 10 inch pots containing the samegrowing medium. Plants are watered daily before transplantation andthree times a week after transplantation. Peters 15-16-17 fertilizer isapplied three times per week after transplanting at a strength of 150ppm N. Two to three times during the lifetime of the plant, fromtransplanting to flowering, a total of 900 mg Fe is added to each pot.Maize plants are grown in a greenhouse in 15 hr day/9 hr night cycles.The daytime temperature is approximately 80° F. and the nighttimetemperature is approximately 70° F. Supplemental lighting is provided by1000 W sodium vapor lamps. Tissue is collected from leaves located twoleaves below the ear leaf. This sample represents those genes expressedduring onset and early stages of leaf senescence. The leaves are pooledand immediately transferred to liquid nitrogen. The harvested tissue isthen stored at −80° C. until RNA preparation. The RNA is purified fromthe stored tissue and the cDNA library is constructed as described inExample 2. SEQ ID NO: 34510 through SEQ D NO: 38668 are from LIB3060.

The CMz036 (Lib3062) cDNA library is generated from maize (H99, USDARegional Plant Introduction Station, Ames, Iowa U.S.A.) husk tissue from8 week old plants. Seeds are planted at a depth of approximately 3 cminto 2-3 inch peat pots containing Metro 200 growing medium. After 2-3weeks growth they are transplanted into 10 inch pots containing the samegrowing medium. Plants are watered daily before transplantation andthree times a week after transplantation. Peters 15-16-17 fertilizer isapplied three times per week after transplanting at a strength of 150ppm N. Two to three times during the lifetime of the plant, fromtransplanting to flowering, a total of 900 mg Fe is added to each pot.Maize plants are grown in a greenhouse in 15 hr day/9 hr night cycles.The daytime temperature is approximately 80° F. and the nighttimetemperature is approximately 70° F. Supplemental lighting is provided by1000 W sodium vapor lamps. Tissue is collected from 8 week old plants.The husk is separated from the ear and immediately transferred to liquidnitrogen containers. The harvested tissue is then stored at −80° C.until RNA preparation. The RNA is purified from the stored tissue andthe cDNA library is constructed as described in Example 2. SEQ ID NO:38699 through SEQ ID NO: 43476 are from LIB 3062 The CMz039 (Lib3066)cDNA library is generated from maize (H99, USDA Regional PlantIntroduction Station, Ames, Iowa U.S.A.) immature anther tissue at the 7week old immature tassel stage. Seeds are planted at a depth ofapproximately 3 cm into 2-3 inch peat pots containing Metro 200 growingmedium. After 2-3 weeks growth they are transplanted into 10 inch potscontaining the same growing medium. Plants are watered daily beforetransplantation and three times a week after transplantation. Peters15-16-17 fertilizer is applied three times per week after transplantingat a strength of 150 ppm N. Two to three times during the lifetime ofthe plant, from transplanting to flowering, a total of 900 mg Fe isadded to each pot. Maize plants are grown in a greenhouse in 15 hr day/9hr night cycles. The daytime temperature is approximately 80° F. and thenighttime temperature is approximately 70° F. Supplemental lighting isprovided by 1000 W sodium vapor lamps. Tissue is collected when themaize plant is at the 7 week old immature tassel stage. At this stage,prior to anthesis, the immature anthers are green and enclosed in thestaminate spikelet. The developing anthers are dissected away from the 7week old immature tassel and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. Theharvested tissue is then stored at −80° C. until RNA preparation. TheRNA is purified from the stored tissue and the cDNA library isconstructed as described in Example 2. SEQ ID NO: 43477 through SEQ IDNO: 48460 are from LIB3066.

The CMz040 (Lib3067) cDNA library is generated from maize (MO17, USDARegional Plant Introduction Station, Ames, Iowa U.S.A.) kernel tissuefrom plants at the V10+ plant development stage, 5-8 days afterpollination. Seeds are planted at a depth of approximately 3 cm into 2-3inch peat pots containing Metro 200 growing medium. After 2-3 weeksgrowth they are transplanted into 10 inch pots containing the samegrowing medium. Plants are watered daily before transplantation andthree times a week after transplantation. Peters 15-16-17 fertilizer isapplied three times per week after transplanting at a strength of 150ppm N. Two to three times during the lifetime of the plant, fromtransplanting to flowering, a total of 900 mg Fe is added to each pot.Maize plants are grown in a greenhouse in 15 hr day/9 hr night cycles.The daytime temperature is approximately 80° F. and the nighttimetemperature is approximately 70° F. Supplemental lighting is provided by1000 W sodium vapor lamps. Tissue is collected from V10+ stage plants.The ear shoots, which are ready for fertilization, are enclosed in apaper bag before silk emergence to withhold pollen. Five to eight daysafter controlled pollination, the ears are pulled and the kernelsremoved. The kernels are immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. Thissample represents genes expressed in early kernel development, duringperiods of cell division, amyloplast biogenesis and early carbon flowacross the material to filial tissue. The harvested kernels tissue isthen stored at −80° C. until RNA preparation. The RNA is purified fromthe stored tissue and the cDNA library is constructed as described inExample 2. SEQ ID NO: 48461 through SEQ ID NO: 53133 are from LIB3067.

The CMz041 (Lib3068) cDNA library is generated from maize pollengerminating silk tissue from plants at the V10+ plant development stage.Maize MO17 and H99 (USDA Regional Plant Introduction Station, Ames, IowaU.S.A.) seeds are planted at a depth of approximately 3 cm into 2-3 inchpeat pots containing Metro 200 growing medium. After 2-3 weeks growththey are transplanted into 10 inch pots containing the same growingmedium. Plants are watered daily before transplantation and three timesa week after transplantation. Peters 15-16-17 fertilizer is appliedthree times per week after transplanting at a strength of 150 ppm N. Twoto three times during the lifetime of the plant, from transplanting toflowering, a total of 900 mg Fe is added to each pot. Maize plants aregrown in a greenhouse in 15 hr day/9 hr night cycles. The daytimetemperature is approximately 80° F. and the nighttime temperature isapproximately 70° F. Supplemental lighting is provided by 1000 W sodiumvapor lamps. Tissue is collected from V10+ stage plants when the earshoots are ready for fertilization at the silk emergence stage. The H99emerging silks are pollinated with an excess of MO17 pollen undercontrolled pollination conditions in the greenhouse. Eighteen hoursafter pollination the silks are removed from the ears and immediatelyfrozen in liquid nitrogen. This sample represents genes expressed inboth pollen and silk tissue early in pollination. The harvested tissueis then stored at −80° C. until RNA preparation. The RNA is purifiedfrom the stored tissue and the cDNA library is constructed as describedin Example 2. SEQ ID NO: 53134 through SEQ ID NO: 56811 are fromLIB3068.

The CMz042 (Lib3069) cDNA library is generated from maize ear tissueexcessively pollinated at the V10+ plant development stage. Maize MO17and H99 (USDA Regional Plant Introduction Station, Ames, Iowa U.S.A.)seeds are planted at a depth of approximately 3 cm into 2-3 inch peatpots containing Metro 200 growing medium. After 2-3 weeks growth theyare transplanted into 10 inch pots containing the same growing medium.Plants are watered daily before transplantation and three times a weekafter transplantation. Peters 15-16-17 fertilizer is applied three timesper week after transplanting at a strength of 150 ppm N. Two to threetimes during the lifetime of the plant, from transplanting to flowering,a total of 900 mg Fe is added to each pot. Maize plants are grown in agreenhouse in 15 hr day/9 hr night cycles. The daytime temperature isapproximately 80° F. and the nighttime temperature is approximately 70°F. Supplemental lighting is provided by 1000 W sodium vapor lamps.Tissue is collected from V10+ stage plants and the ear shoots which areready for fertilization are at the silk emergence stage. The H99immature ears are pollinated with an excess of MO17 pollen undercontrolled pollination conditions. Eighteen hours post-pollination, theears are removed and immediately transferred to liquid nitrogencontainers. The harvested tissue is then stored at −80° C. until RNApreparation. The RNA is purified from the stored tissue and the cDNAlibrary is constructed as described in Example 2. SEQ ID NO: 56812through SEQ ID NO: 61748 are from LIB3069.

The CMz044 (Lib3075) cDNA library is generated from maize (H99, USDARegional Plant Introduction Station, Ames, Iowa U.S.A.) microsporetissue. Seeds are planted at a depth of approximately 3 cm into 2-3 inchpeat pots containing Metro 200 growing medium. After 2-3 weeks growththey are transplanted into 10 inch pots containing the same growingmedium. Plants are watered daily before transplantation and three timesa week after transplantation. Peters 15-16-17 fertilizer is appliedthree times per week after transplanting at a strength of 150 ppm N. Twoto three times during the lifetime of the plant, from transplanting toflowering, a total of 900 mg Fe is added to each pot. Maize plants aregrown in a greenhouse in 15 hr day/9 hr night cycles. The daytimetemperature is approximately 80° F. and the nighttime temperature isapproximately 70° F. Supplemental lighting is provided by 1000 W sodiumvapor lamps. Tissue is collected from immature anthers from 7 week oldtassels. The immature anthers are first dissected from the 7 week oldtassel with a scalpel on a glass slide covered with water. Themicrospores (immature pollen) are released into the water and arerecovered by centrifugation. The microspore suspension is immediatelyfrozen in liquid nitrogen. The harvested tissue is then stored at −80°C. until RNA preparation. The RNA is purified from the stored tissue andthe cDNA library is constructed as described in Example 2. SEQ ID NO:61749 through SEQ ID NO: 65946 are from LIB3075.

The CMz045 (Lib3076) cDNA library is generated from maize (H99, USDARegional Plant Introduction Station, Ames, Iowa U.S.A.) immature earmegaspore tissue. Seeds are planted at a depth of approximately 3 cminto 2-3 inch peat pots containing Metro 200 growing medium. After 2-3weeks growth they are transplanted into 10 inch pots containing the samegrowing medium. Plants are watered daily before transplantation andthree times a week after transplantation. Peters 15-16-17 fertilizer isapplied three times per week after transplanting at a strength of 150ppm N. Two to three times during the lifetime of the plant, fromtransplanting to flowering, a total of 900 mg Fe is added to each pot.Maize plants are grown in a greenhouse in 15 hr day/9 hr night cycles.The daytime temperature is approximately 80° F. and the nighttimetemperature is approximately 70° F. Supplemental lighting is provided by1000 W sodium vapor lamps. The immature ears are harvested from the 7week old plants and are approximately 2.5 to 3 cm in length. The kernelsare removed from the cob and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. Theharvested tissue is then stored at −80° C. until RNA preparation. TheRNA is purified from the stored tissue and the cDNA library isconstructed as described in Example 2. SEQ ID NO: 65947 through SEQ IDNO: 68941 are from LIB3076.

The CMz047 (Lib3078) cDNA library is generated from maize (RX601, AsgrowSeed Company, Des Moines, Iowa, U.S.A.) CO₂ treated high-exposure shoottissue. RX601 maize seeds are sterilized for 1 minute with a 10% Cloroxsolution. The seeds are rolled in germination paper, and germinated in0.5 mM calcium sulfate solution for two days at 30° C. The seedlings aretransplanted into a peat mix media in 3″ peat pots at the rate of threeseedlings per pot. They are then placed in a greenhouse. Twenty pots areplaced into a high CO₂ environment (approximately 1000 ppm CO₂). Twentyplants are grown under ambient greenhouse CO₂ (approximately 450 ppmCO₂). Plants are hand watered. Peters 20-20-20 fertilizer is alsolightly applied. Maize plants are grown in a greenhouse in 15 hr day/9hr night cycles. At ten days post planting, the shoots from bothatmospheres are frozen in liquid nitrogen and lightly ground by hand.The roots are washed in deionized water to remove the support media andthe tissue is immediately transferred to liquid nitrogen containers. Theharvested tissue is then stored at −80° C. until RNA preparation. TheRNA is purified from the stored tissue and the cDNA library isconstructed as described in Example 2. SEQ ID NO: 68942 through SEQ IDNO: 73607 are from LIB3078.

The CMz048 (Lib3079) cDNA library is generated from maize (MO17, USDAMaize Regional Plant Introduction Station, Ames, Iowa U.S.A.) basalendosperm transfer layer tissue. Seeds are planted at a depth ofapproximately 3 cm into 2-3 inch peat pots containing Metro 200 growingmedium. After 2-3 weeks growth they are transplanted into 10 inch potscontaining the same growing medium. Plants are watered daily beforetransplantation and three times a week after transplantation. Peters15-16-17 fertilizer is applied three times per week after transplantingat a strength of 150 ppm N. Two to three times during the lifetime ofthe plant, from transplanting to flowering, a total of 900 mg Fe isadded to each pot. Maize plants are grown in a greenhouse in 15 hr day/9hr night cycles. The daytime temperature is approximately 80° F. and thenighttime temperature is approximately 70° F. Supplemental lighting isprovided by 1000 W sodium vapor lamps. Tissue is collected from V10+maize plants. The ear shoots, which are ready for fertilization, areenclosed in a paper bag prior to silk emergence, to withhold the pollen.Kernels are harvested at 12 days post-pollination and placed on wet icefor dissection. The kernels are cross sectioned laterally, dissectingjust above the pedicel region, including 1-2 mm of the lower endospermand the basal endosperm transfer region. The pedicel and lower endospermregion containing the basal endosperm transfer layer is pooled andimmediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. The harvested tissue is thenstored at −80° C. until RNA preparation. The RNA is purified from thestored tissue and the cDNA library is constructed as described inExample 2. SEQ ID NO: 73608 through SEQ ID NO: 78496 are from LIB3079.

The CMz049 (Lib3088) cDNA library is generated from maize (H99, USDAMaize Regional Plant Introduction Station, Ames, Iowa U.S.A.) immatureear tissue from 8 weeks old plants. Seeds are planted at a depth ofapproximately 3 cm into 2-3 inch peat pots containing Metro 200 growingmedium. After 2-3 weeks growth they are transplanted into 10 inch potscontaining the same growing medium. Plants are watered daily beforetransplantation and three times a week after transplantation. Peters15-16-17 fertilizer is applied three times per week after transplantingat a strength of 150 ppm N. Two to three times during the lifetime ofthe plant, from transplanting to flowering, a total of 900 mg Fe isadded to each pot. Maize plants are grown in a greenhouse in 15 hr day/9hr night cycles. The daytime temperature is approximately 80° F. and thenighttime temperature is approximately 70° F. Supplemental lighting isprovided by 1000 W sodium vapor lamps. Ears are harvested from 8 weekold plants and are approximately 3.5-4.5 cm long. Kernels are dissectedaway from the cob, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 C untilpreparation of RNA. The RNA is purified from the stored tissue and thecDNA library is constructed as described in Example 2. SEQ ID NO: 78497through SEQ ID NO: 81737 are from LIB3088.

The CMz050 (Lib3114) cDNA library is generated from silks from maize(B73, Illinois Foundation Seeds, Champaign, Ill. U.S.A.) plants at theV10+ plant development stage. Seeds are planted at a depth ofapproximately 3 cm into 2-3 inch peat pots containing Metro 200 growingmedium. After 2-3 weeks growth they are transplanted into 10 inch potscontaining the same growing medium. Plants are watered daily beforetransplantation and three times a week after transplantation. Peters15-16-17 fertilizer is applied three times per week after transplantingat a strength of 150 ppm N. Two to three times during the lifetime ofthe plant, from transplanting to flowering, a total of 900 mg Fe isadded to each pot. Maize plants are grown in a greenhouse in 15 hr day/9hr night cycles. The daytime temperature is approximately 80° F. and thenighttime temperature is approximately 70° F. Supplemental lighting isprovided by 1000 W sodium vapor lamps. Tissue is collected when themaize plant is beyond the V10 development stage and the ear shoots areapproximately 15-20 cm in length. The ears are pulled and the silks areseparated from the ears and immediately transferred to liquid nitrogencontainers. The harvested tissue is then stored at −80° C. until RNApreparation. The RNA is purified from the stored tissue and the cDNAlibrary is constructed as described in Example 2. SEQ ID NO: 81738through SEQ ID NO: 83523 are from LIB3114.

Example 2

The stored RNA is purified using Trizol reagent from Life Technologies(Gibco BRL, Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md. U.S.A.), essentially asrecommended by the manufacturer. Poly A+ RNA (mRNA) is purified usingmagnetic oligo dT beads essentially as recommended by the manufacturer(Dynabeads, Dynal Corporation, Lake Success, N.Y., U.S.A.).

Construction of plant cDNA libraries is well-known in the art and anumber of cloning strategies exist. A number of cDNA libraryconstruction kits are commercially available. The Superscript™ PlasmidSystem for cDNA synthesis and Plasmid Cloning (Gibco BRL, LifeTechnologies, Gaithersburg, Md., U.S.A.) is used, following theconditions suggested by the manufacturer.

Example 3

The cDNA libraries are plated on LB agar containing the appropriateantibiotics for selection and incubated at 37° for a sufficient time toallow the growth of individual colonies. Single selective media coloniesare individually placed in each well of a 96-well microtiter platescontaining LB liquid including the selective antibiotics. The plates areincubated overnight at approximately 37° C. with gentle shaking topromote growth of the cultures. The plasmid DNA is isolated from eachclone using Qiaprep plasmid isolation kits, using the conditionsrecommended by the manufacturer (Qiagen Inc., Santa Clara, Calif.,U.S.A.).

Template plasmid DNA clones are used for subsequent sequencing. Forsequencing, the ABI PRISM dRhodamine Terminator Cycle Sequencing ReadyReaction Kit with AmpliTaq® DNA Polymerase, FS, is used (PE AppliedBiosystems, Foster City, Calif., U.S.A.).

1-7. (canceled)
 8. A transformed plant comprising a nucleic acidmolecule which comprises: (a) an exogenous promoter region whichfunctions in a plant cell to cause the production of an mRNA molecule;which is linked to; (b) a structural nucleic acid molecule, wherein saidstructural nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence,wherein said nucleic acid sequence shares between 100% and 90% sequenceidentity with a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consistingof SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 83523, and complements thereof, orwhich is linked to (c) a 3′ non-translated sequence that functions insaid plant cell to cause the termination of transcription and theaddition of polyadenylated ribonucleotides to said 3′ end of said mRNAmolecule.
 9. The transformed plant according to claim 8, wherein saidnucleic acid sequence is the complement of a nucleic acid sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:83523.
 10. The transformed plant according to claim 8, wherein saidnucleic acid sequence is in the antisense orientation of a nucleic acidsequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQID NO:
 83523. 11. The transformed plant according to claim 8, whereinsaid nucleic acid sequence shares between 100% and 95% sequence identitywith a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 83523 and complements thereof.
 12. Thetransformed plant according to claim 11, wherein said nucleic acidsequence shares between 100% and 98% sequence identity with a nucleicacid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 throughSEQ ID NO: 83523 and complements thereof.
 13. The transformed plantaccording to claim 12, wherein said nucleic acid sequence shares between100% and 99% sequence identity with a nucleic acid sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 83523 andcomplements thereof.
 14. The transformed plant according to claim 13,wherein said nucleic acid sequence shares 100% sequence identity with anucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1through SEQ ID NO: 83523 and complements thereof.
 15. A transformed seedcomprising a transformed plant cell comprising a nucleic acid moleculewhich comprises: (a) an exogenous promoter region which functions insaid plant cell to cause the production of an mRNA molecule; which islinked to; (b) a structural nucleic acid molecule, wherein saidstructural nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence,wherein said nucleic acid sequence shares between 100% and 90% sequenceidentity with a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consistingof SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 83523, and complements thereof, whichis linked to (c) a 3′ non-translated sequence that functions in saidplant cell to cause the termination of transcription and the addition ofpolyadenylated ribonucleotides to said 3′ end of said mRNA molecule. 16.The transformed seed according to claim 15, wherein said nucleic acidsequence is the complement of a nucleic acid sequence selected from thegroup consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:
 83523. 17. Thetransformed seed according to claim 15, wherein said exogenous promoterregion functions in a seed cell.
 18. The transformed seed according toclaim 15, wherein said nucleic acid sequence shares between 100% and 95%sequence identity with a nucleic acid sequence selected from the groupconsisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 83523 and complementsthereof.
 19. The transformed seed according to claim 18, wherein saidnucleic acid sequence shares between 100% and 98% sequence identity witha nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO: 83523 and complements thereof.
 20. The transformedseed according to claim 19, wherein said nucleic acid sequence sharesbetween 100% and 99% sequence identity with a nucleic acid sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:83523 and complements thereof.
 21. The transformed seed according toclaim 20, wherein said nucleic acid sequence shares 100% sequenceidentity with a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consistingof SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO: 83523 and complements thereof.
 22. Amethod of growing a transgenic plant comprising (a) planting atransformed seed comprising a nucleic acid sequence, wherein saidnucleic acid sequence shares between 100% and 90% sequence identity witha nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO: 83523, and complements thereof, and (b) growing aplant from said seed.
 23. A substantially purified nucleic acid moleculecomprising a nucleic acid sequence, wherein said nucleic acid sequenceshares between 100% and 90% sequence identity with a nucleic acidsequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQID NO: 83523, and complements thereof.
 24. The substantially purifiednucleic acid molecule of claim 23, wherein said nucleic acid moleculeencodes a maize protein or fragment thereof.